Price] 


lO     Centt^ 


THE  FACTS 

CONCERNING 
THE  EIGHT  CONDEMNED  LEADERS. 


LEON  LEWIS, 

n-u    0'°''^''°/^.''^  P'^iv"    "'^^^  Cowboy  Couriers,"    "The  Rancher's  Four  Millions," 
The  Sonsoflluinder,     etc., etc.,  in  the  Banner  IVeekly,  ofNewYork;  of  "The 
Boy  King,        'Ihe  Mountain  of  Gold,'      "The  Boy  Baronet's  Millions,"    "The  Mad 
-    ^,.,,'■5;"   '' i'he  Flying  Islands,"   "The  King  of  Golconda,"   "The  Boy  Pilot,"   "The  Ice 
boat,     "A  Boy  and  Oirl  s  Battle,     etc.,  etc.,  lu  the  Boy's  fVorid,  of  London,  England;   of  "  Red  Knife  " 
"The  Boy  Magician,"  "The  Broken  Home,"  "'J  he  Girl  Hermit,"  "  Life  in  Salt  Lake  Cit>^"  "  Eddy's  Search ''' 

"The  Club  Foot  Bear,"    "Mark  Heber's  Look, Lhe  Plot  against  Hawley, I'he  Fire  Spreaders  " 

"An  Extraordinary  History,"   "  A  Girl  Missing,"    "The  Turtle  Hunter."    "The  Golden  Idol."   "Alns't 


Author  of   "The  Water   Ghoul 
"Doctor  Paul,  Detective,' 
Young  Explorers,"   "Th 
Crusoe,"   "The  Boy  Miners, 


.,       ...^   -„     ..     -,       „    ..^.^     ,.     ,r  Turtle  Hunter,"    "The  Golden  Idol,"   "A  Lost 

Fortune,      "lhe  Frame  Inn,      "lhe  Isis  Mysterj-,"    "Gowton's  Vengeance,"    "The  Serf  Lovers," 

"  The  Haunted  Throne, lhe  Ransom  Bearer,"   "The  Lost  Overlanders,"    "Warming  a  Serpent  " 

"The  Centurion's  Mission,"  "Miss  Wynd's  Enemy,"  "The  Lord  of  Strathmore,"  "  The  Deputy's 

Double,"  "The  Three  Survivors,"  "A  Russian  Hero,"  "The  Sponge  Gatherers,"  "The  Wagon 

Train,"    "The  Silver  Digger,"   "The   Pearl   Diver,"    "The   Reef   Spider,"    "The  Diamond 

— -^eeker,"  etc.,  etc.,  in  the  New  York  Ij^aser-,  of  "The  Silver  Ship,"  "Syria,  the 

Jewess,"    "The  Water  Wolf,"    "The  Witch   Finder,"   "The  Flower  of  Suda,"   etc     etc 

in  the  New  Voi-k  ITeekly;  of  "The  Maid  of  Mona,"  "A  Life  at  Stake, Lhe' 

House  of  Secrets,"   "  The  Sword-Maker  of  Toledo,"  etc.,   etc.,  in  the  JLoiidon 
Reader,  of  London,  England;  and  of  other  works  iuu  numerous  to  mention. 


"Hang  me,  too ;  for  I  think  it  is  more  honorable  to 
die  suMcnly  than  to  be  killed  by  inches.  I  have  a  family 
and  children  ;  and  if  they  kiiozv  tiieir  father  is  dead, 
they  -will  bury  him.  Tliey  can  go  to  the  grave,  and 
kneel  down  by  t lie  side  cf  it ;  but  they  can't  go  to  the 
penitentiary  and  see  titeir  father  -who  ivas  convicted  for 
a  crime  that  he  hasn't  had  anyi/iing  to  do  ■witli." 

OSCAK  NeEBE. 

"  /  knmv  a  certain  man  itiho  is  on  the  way  to  becom- 
ing a  mtirderer,  an  assassin,  and  that  tnan  is  Grinnell — 
ihe  State's  Attorney  Grinnell— because  he  brotiglit  jnen 
on  tlic  witness  stand  who  fie  knew  ivonld  swear  falsely." 
Adoli'h  Fischer. 


'^  Let   the  public  sit  in  judgn 
assassins." 


t  on   the   ivoidd-bc 
August  Si'ies. 


"  To  te7-m  tlte  proceedings  during  the  trial  justice 
•would  be  a  sneer." 

Michel  ScinvAi-.. 
"  Grinnell  and  his  associates  lia^'e  committed  perjury ." 
Louis  LiNGG. 

"  I  inflow  nothing  of  t/ie  conspiracy  which  ihe  State's 
Attorney  pretends  to  have  disccniered." 

George  Engel. 
"  We  have  been  tried  by  a  Jury  that  has  found  us 
guilty.      Y'ou  will  be  tried  by  a  Jury  now  that  will  find 
you  guilty." 

Sa.muel  Fielden. 


"Being  unable  to  discover  the  guUty  man,  the 
machinery  is  set  to  work  to  convict  seven  innocent  ones  in 
his  stead." 

A.  R.  PaksO.ns. 


GREENPORT, 

Ncir  York: 
LEON  LEWIS,  Publisher. 

1887. 

H.  A.    ROST,  PRINTER,   14  FRANKFORT  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 


y 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  CATALOGUE, 


433. 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  EARTH. 


TJI£  ACTUAL    COSMOGONY  OF  NATURE  AS  DISTINGUISHED 
FROM  THE  IMAGINARY  COSMOGONIES  OF  MEN. 

By  LEON  and  HARRIET  LEWIS. 

85  Illustrations.    8vo.  Cloth,  gilt  top,  $3.00.    Sheep,  $3.50,   Half  Calf,  $4.50. 


COMPRISING . 


434- 


435- 


436- 


437- 


438. 


439- 


443- 


The  Origin  of  our  Globe  distinctly  and  indisputably 
Moments    and    Characteristics.     7    Illustrations, 


The  real  Genesis  of  the  Earth. 

revealed  in  its   Structure,     Location, 
Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  *^created,''  but  developed.  An  Exposition  of  the  Facts  and  Circum- 
stances under  which  our  Globe  came  into  Existence,  with  glimpses  of  Terrestrial  and 
Stellar  Cosmogony.     6  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  ^^  created  out  of  Nothing,'*^  but  derived  from  Materials  which  have 
always  existed  and  which  will  always  exist.  9  Illustrations.  Paper,  $0.30.  Cloth,  gilt 
top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  originated  by  a  Being  outside  of  Nature,  as  an  arbitrary, 
unnatural,  unnecessary,  or  gratuitous  Act,  but  evolved  wholly  within  Nature  by  natural 
Laws  and  Forces,  as  a  necessary  and  inevitable  Outcome  and  Result  of  the  eternal  Evolu- 
tions of  Matter,     9  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  formed  of  Materials  peculiar  and  exclusive  to  itself,  but 
of  the  same  Sort  of  Substances  which  enter  into  the  Composition  of  all  other  Worlds.  10 
Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  evolved  by  Laws  and  Forces  peculiar  and  excltisive  to  itself, 
but  by  the  same  Sort  of  Laws  and  Forces  which  have  produced  Mars  and  Jupiter  and  all 
the  Worlds  around  us.     8  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

The  Earth  not  called  into  Existence  alone,  but  simultaneously  with  infinite  INIill- 

ions  of  similar  Planets.      10  Illustrations.      Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
TJie  Earth  not  called  into  Existence  suddenly,  but  by  Processes  extending  over 

more  Years  than  there  are  Drops  of  Water  on  our  Planet.     Illustrated.     Paper,  $0.30. 

Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
Where  the  Earth  came  frotn.     Tracing  our  Globe  to  the  Sun,  the  Sun  to  the  Milky 

Way,  and  the  Milky  Way  to  the  Materials  resulting  from  the  Dissolution  of  the  Suns  and 

Worlds  of  preceding  Astral  Systems.     23  Illustrations,     Paper,  $0.60.     Cloth,  gilt  top, 

$1.00. 
The  Origin  of  the  EaHJl  a  simple  and  single  Event  in  the  Midst  of  infinite  Millions  of 

Events  of  the  same  Nature,  Value,  Character,  Meaning,  Purpose  and  Importance.    Illustrated. 

Paper,  $0.15.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.30. 

ly  Any  part  sold  separately. 


919. 


THE  CASE  STATED. 


Why  existing  "Law  and  Order"  constitute  a  State  of  Anarchy,  and  vi^hy  even  a 
Reign  of  so-called  "Anarchy"  would  result  in  Law  and  Order.    Illustrated. 
Paper,  $0,30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
A  real  government  (if  one  should  ever  be  organized)  will  be  nothing  more  or  less  than  a  simple 
recognition  of  the  laws  of  Nature,  as  existent  between  man  and  man.     Thus  far,  we  have  advanced 
only  to  class  tyranny ;   to  armed  oppressions  and  repressions  of  the  Many  by  the  Few ;   to  bellowing 
herds  of  lawyers,  etc.,  whose  wordy  patchwork  and  fricasseed  drivel  form  our  Constitutions  and 
Revised  Statutes.     That  such  an  infamous  state  of  things  can  exist  for  a  single  night  is  surprising. 
This  book  shows  that  our  only  path  to  freedom  lies  through  a  total  abolition  of  all  existing  domina- 
tions, both  religious  and  political.      The  first  step  tcnuards  real  Law  and  Order  is  the  extermination 
(with  blood  and  fire,  ifi  necessary,)  of  the  hideous  impostures  and  infamies  which  are  carried  on  in 


THE  FACTS 

CONCERNING 

THE  EIGHT  CONDEMNED  LEADERS. 


LEON  LEWIS, 

Author  of  "The  Water   Ghoul,"    "Darcdeath  Diolc,"    "The  Cowboy  Couriers,''    "The  Rancher's  Four  Millions," 
"Docttir  Taul,  Detective,"  "Ihe  Sons  of  Thunder,"  etc., etc.,  in  the  liiannt-r  Weekly,  of  New  York;  of  "The 

Young  K.xplorers, ihe  Boy  King,"    "'ihe  Mountain  of  Gold,"     "ihe  Buy  Baronei's  Millions,"    "I'he  Mad 

Cru.=;oe,"  "The  Boy  Miners,"  "The  Flying  Islands,"   "ihe  King  of  Golconda,"   "ihe  Boy  Pilot,"  "The  Ice 

Boat,"  "A  Boy  and  Girl's  Battle,"  etc.,  etc.,  in  Ihe  Boy'a 'World,  of  London,  Lngland;  of  "Ked  Knife," 

"The  Boy  Magician,"  "The  Broken  Home,"  "The  Girl  Hermit,"  "Life  in  Salt  Lake  City,"  "Eddy's Search," 

"  riie  Club  Foot  Bear,"    "Mark  Heber's  Look,"    "The  Plot  against  Hawley,"    "The  Fire  Spreaders," 

"An  E.xtraordinary  History,"   "  A  Girl  Missing,"   "The  Turtle  Hunter,"    "The  Golden  Idol,"   "A  Lost 

P'ortune,"    "The  Prairie  Inn,"    "The  Isis  INlysterj',"    "Gowton's  Vengeance,"    "The  Serf  Lovers," 

"The  Haunted  Throne,"  "The  Ransom  Rearer,"  "The  Lost  Overlanders,"    "Warming  a  Serpent," 

"The  Centurion's  Mission,"  "Miss  Wynd's  Enemy,"  "The  Lord  of  Strathmore,  '  "The  Deputy's 

Doulile,"  "The  Three  Survivors,"  "A  Russian  Hero,"  "The  Sponge  Gatherers,"  "The  Wagon 

Train,"   "The  Silver  Digger,"   "The  Pearl  Diver,"    "The  Reef  Spider,"    "The  Diamond 

Seeker,"  etc  ,  etc.,  in  the  New  ITork  I..rdger;  of  "The  Silver  Ship,"  "Syria,  the 

Jewess,"    "The  Water  \\'olf,"   "The  Witch  Finder,"   "The  Flower  of  Suda,"  etc  ,  etc., 

in  Ihe  rVewlToi-k  ^Vcekly;  of  "The  Maid  of  Mona,"  "A  Life  at  Stake,"  "The 

House  of  Secrets,"   "The  Sword-Maker  of  I'oledo,"  etc.,  etc.,  in  the  l^oiidon 

Keafler,  of  London,  England;  and  of  other  works  too  numerous  to  mention. 


"Hang  me,  too ; /or  I  think  it  is  more  honorable  to 
die  suddenly  than  to  be  killed  by  inches.  I  have  a  faviily 
and  children  ;  attd  if  they  kiww  tlieir  father  is  dead, 
they  -,viU  bury  him.  Thy  can  go  to  the  grave,  and 
kneel  dmun  by  tite  side  of  it ;  but  they  can't  go  to  the 
penitentiary  aJid  see  tlieir  father  iviio  zvas  coiivictcd  for 
a  crime  tliat  he  hasn't  /tad anything  to  do  with." 

Oscar  Neebe. 

"/  know  a  certain  man  who  is  on  tlie  way  to  becom- 
ing a  murderer,  an  assassin,  and  iliat  man  is  Grinncll — 
tlie  State's  Attorney  Grinnell—becatise  he  brought  men 
on  t)ie  witness  stattd  who  lie  knew  would  swear  falsely." 
Adolhh  Fischer. 

"  I.ct  tlie  ^blic  sit  in  judgment  on  the  would-be 
jzssassins." 

August  Spies. 


"  To  term  the  jiroceedings  during  the  trial  JUSTICB 

,  IklicHEL  Schwab. 

"  Critmellandhis  associates  have  committed  perjury." 
Louis  Lingg. 

"  I  know  nothing  of  ihe  conspiracy -which  ihe  State's 
Attorney  pretends  to  have  discovered." 

George  Engeu 
"  We  have  been  tried  by  a  jury  that  has  found  us 
guilty.      Von  will  be  tried  by  a  jury  now  that  will  fnd 
you  guilty." 

Samuel  Fielden. 
"Being    unable    to     discover    the    guilty    tnan,     the 
ir.achincry  is  set  to  work  to  convict  seven  innocent  ones  in 
his  stead." 

A.  R.  Parsons. 


GREENPORT, 

yew  Yorh: 

LEON  LEWIS,  Publisher. 


The  Catalogue  of  the  WORKS  of  LEON  and  HARRIET  LEWIS  is  divided  into  ten  Parts,  as  follows: 

Part     I. — Curiosities  of  Life  and  Nature.     Nos.  i — 416. 
II. — Cosmogonies  and  Evolutions.     Nos.  417 — 705. 
III. — Man  and  his  Develop}nent.     Nos.  706 — 880. 
IV. — Errors  0/ Society  and  Cozier7iiiicnt.     No.s.  881 — 1043. 

V. — Religious  I gtiorance  atid  Depravity.     Nos.  1044 — 1192. 
VI. — Refutations  0/ the  Current  Superstitions.     Nos.  1 193 — 1339. 
VII. — T/te  Science  of  Social  Organization.     Nos.  1340 — 1504. 
VIII. — The  Coming  Reign  0/ Man.     Nos.  1505 — 1727. 
IX. — Tlie  Science  0/ tite  Sold.     Nos.  1728 — 1989. 
X. — The  Mysteries  and  Marvels  of  the  Costnos.     Nos.  1990 — 2340. 


^^    Each  of  these  Parts  forms  a  handsome  volume,  with 
our  correspondents  upon  application. 


engra\'ings.     Any  of  these  will  be  sent  free  to 


r~' 


Copyright,  1SS7,  by  Leon  Lewis. 

S92, 


C^  The  WORKS  of  LEON  and  HARRIET  LEWIS  cover  the  one  really  great  and  ever-memorable  Evohitinn 
ol  human  History,  namely,  the  advance  of  Man  from  Superstition  to  Science:  from  ecclesiastical  Dogma  to  natur.^I- 
Law;  from  the  Falsehoods  and  Impostures  of  ignorant  and  designing  Men  to  the  Revei-ATIOn.s  of  Naturk;  from 
imaginary  "Creation"  to  actual  Cosmogony;  from  baseless  Assertions  and  Conjectures  concerning  a  Future  Life  to 
its  positive  Demonstration;  from  the  ignoble  Scarecrows  of  tribal  Fanaticism  to  The  Infinite  Spirit  of  the 
Universe;  from  the  Karth  to  the  Cosmos,  or  from  the  Terrestrial  to  the  Cosmical — in  a  word,  the  advance  of  the  human 
Race  from  all  its  Earth-in-the-Centre  Errors  to  a  Recognition  of  the  actual  Facts  of  our  Being  and  Surroundings. 


PRELIMINARY  REMARKS. 


Two  or  three  weeks  since,  feeling  the  necessity  of  taking  action  in  this  matter, 
I  wrote  and  pubHshed  The  Ides  of  November,  which  has  been  so  well  received  by 
the  Press  and  Public. 

That  hasty  sketch,  however,  did  not  at  all  respond  to  my  desire  to  publish 
A  CLEAR  AND  CONCISE  STATEMENT  OF  THE  FACTS  Concerning  the  hideous  and 
horrible  Crime  which  has  been  contrived  in  Chicago,  and  I  have  accordingly 
returned  to  the  charge  in  these  pages. 

Realizing,  beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt,  that  I  am  voicing  the  Final  Verdict 
OF  History  in  this  solemn  Protest  against  the  awful  Judicial  Massacre  planned 
by  Gary  and  Grinnell  and  their  aiders  and  abettors,  I  have  taken  care  not  to  admit 
a  Ime  here  which  is  not  an  absolute  fact  or  an  unanswerable  piece  of  logic. 

I  mvoke  the  aid  of  all  good  men  and  women  everywhere  in  scattering  these 
pages,  in  the  hope  and  belief  that  they  may  contribute  essentially  towards  sparing 
our  beloved  country— still  beloved,  with  all  her  terrible  prostitutions  and  debase- 
ments— the  unutterable  shame  and  disgrace  of  this  fiendish  "contrived  murder!" 

LEON  LEWIS. 

Greenport,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  i6,  1S87. 


THE  FACTS 

CONCERNING 

THE  EIGHT  CONDEMNED  LEADERS. 


1.— They  are  Innocent. 

The  first  great  objection  to  the  judicial  murder  of  the  accused  is  the  fact  that 
they  are  innocent  of  any  offense  against  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

All  they  have  done  is  this : 

As  pioneers  of  a  just  and  rational  social  organization,  they  have  recognized  and 
severely  criticised,  from  their  platforms  and  in  their  newspapers,  a  portion  of  the 
evils  and  corruptions  of  our  so-called  "  civilization,"  especially  the  enslaved  condi- 
tion of  the  workingman,  and  they  have  sought  to  arouse  the  People  and  Press  to 
the  absolute  necessity  of  toiling  in  concert  to  bring  about  a  change  for  the  better. 

They  have  recognized  and  announced  that  the  actual  situation  of  the  working- 
man  is  the  result  of  violence,  injustice,  robbery,  abuse,  and  corruption,  as  existent 
in  all  our  social,  judicial,  governmental,  and  administrative  organizations  and  insti- 
tutions ;  that  the  current  dominations,  whether  of  religion,  law,  or  government,  are 
infamously,  absurdly,  and  stupidly  false,  partisan,  inadequate,  and  effete;  that  the 
existing  state  of  affairs  is  unworthy,  unjust,  inhuman,  unnatural,  idiotic,  atrocious 
and  brutal ;  and  that  we  are  on  the  eve  of  a  mighty  change  for  the  better. 

They  have  recognized  and  announced  that  this  necessary  and  inevitable  evolu- 
tion is  not  likely  to  be  accomplished  without  bloodshed  and  violence,  for  the  reason 
that  the  champions  and  supporters,  who  are  also  the  beneficiaries,  of  the  reigning 
reli§^ioiis  ITluinniery  and  Superstition,  judicial  Prostitu- 
tion and  Depravity,  and  political  Jobbery  and  EiKpediency, 
are  ready  and  eager  to  murder,  with  or  without  pretense  of  law,  anybody  and  every- 
body who  ventures  to  denounce  or  oppose  their  ignoble  cruelties,  lusts,  rapacities, 
debasements,  extortions,  assassinations,  blasphemies,  robberies,  illegalities,  stupidi- 
ties, and  oppressions. 

They  have  taken  some  measures  towards  organizing  workingmen  in  this  sense, 
and  have  advised  an  armed  defensibihty  as  the  first  essential  condition  of  es- 
caping the  bullets  of  hireling  assassins  and  the  noose  of  the  hangman. 

It  is  for  these  and  cognate  propositions,  as  spoken  and  written,  and  to  some  ex- 
tent acted  upon,  that  these  men  have  been  illegally  and  murderously  condemned. 

There  is  absolutely  nothing  else  that  can  be  alleged  against  them  / 


These  men  are  at  war,  as  every  real  man  ought  to  be,  with  our  actual  so- 
cial and  industrial  ideas  and  institutions,  and  that's  the  whole  head  and  front  of 
their  offense. 

"We  claim  that  upon  a  fair  consideration  of  the  evidence  adduced  in  this  record,  under  the  rules  of  law  properly 
applicable  thereto,  these  defendants,  these  plaintiffs  in  error,  ARit  shown  to  ce  innocent  of  the  crime  of  which  they 
stand  charged,  and  of  the  commission  of  which  they  have  been  convicted." — Capt  W.  P.  Black,  Oral  Argument  before 
the  Supreme  Court  o/  Illinois. 

2.— Tliey  -were  Entitled  to  an  Impartial  Jury. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  guarantees  to  every  accused  person  the 
right  of  trial  by  an  impartial  jury. 

Let  us  quote  the  exact  words  of  the  great  Magna  Charta  of  our  rights  and 
liberties : 

"  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused   SHALL    ENJOY   THE  RIGHT  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  an 

IMPARTIAL   JURY." 

(II.) 

The  Constitution  of  Illinois  of  1818,  article  8,  section  9,  in  the  last  clause,  pro- 
vides : 

"In  prosecutions  by  indictment  or  information,  the  accused  HATH  A  RIGHT  to  a  speedy  public   trial  by  an 

IMPARTIAL  JURY."  , 

The  Constitution  of  Illinois  of  1848,  article  13,  section  9,  provides: 

"  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  HATH  A  RIGHT  to  *  *  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an    impartial  jury." 

The  Constitution  of  Illinois  of  1870,  article  2,  section  9,  provides: 

"In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  SHALL  HAVE  THE  RIGHT  tj  *  *  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an 
impartial  jury." 

There  is  not  a  shadow  of  a  doubt,  therefore,  that  the  accused  were  entitled  to 
be  tried  by  an  impartial  jury. 

The  fact  is  so  self-evident  from  both  the  federal  and  state  constitutions  that 
there  is  no  necessity  of  advancing  a  single  word  beyond  the  terms  of  these  basic 
documents. 

"The  great  value  of  a  trial  by  jury,"  said  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr,  "certainly  consists  in  it§  fairness  and  impartiality.  Those  who  most  prize  the  institution,  prize  it 
because  it  furnishes  a  tribunal  which  may  be  expected  to  be  uniiif.nenced  by  any  bias  of  tlie  7m>id.  I  have  always  con- 
ceived, and  still  conceive,  an  impartial  jury,  as  required  by  the  common  law,  and  as  secured  by  the  constitution,  must 
be  composed  cf  titen,  wlw  ivill  fairly  hear  the  testimony  which  may  be  offered  to  them,  and  bring  in  their  verdict  according 
to  that  testimony,  and  according  to  tlu  la7u  arising  on  it  This  is  not  to  be  expected,  certainly  the  law  does  not  ex- 
pect it,  where  the  jurors,  before  they  hear  the  testimony,  HAVE  DELIBERATELY  FORMED  AND  DELIVERED 
AN  OPINION  that  the  person  whom  they  are  to  try  is  guilly  or  innocent  of  the  charge  alleged  against  him.  The  Jury 
should  enter  7ipon  the  trial  -with  minds  open  to  those  impressions  luhich  the  testimony  and  la-jj  of  the  case  O  t  O  H  X 

TO    iWAKE,   NOT  WITH  THOSE  PRE-CONCEIVED  OPINIONS  WHICH  WILL  RESIST  THOSE  IMPRESSIONS.      All  the  provisions 

of  the  law  arc  calculated  to  obtain  this  end." 

3.— The  Jury  'was  Illeg'al. 

In  defiance  and  in  contumacy  of  these  sacred  guarantees  and  provisions  of  both 
the  federal  and  state  constitutions,  the  jury  which  tried  the  accused,  instead  of  be- 
ing    IMPARTIAL,    was     NOTORIOUSLY,    CONFESSEDLY    and     INFAMOUSLY     PARTIAL, 

PREJUDICED,  ILLEGAL  and  INCOMPETENT. 

The  following  is  the  status  of  the  grea.t  majority  of  these  jurors,  as  brielly  set 
forth  in  Lum's  History  of  the  Great  Trial : 


STATUS    OF    JUKOR    IVo.    1. 

"  In  answer  to  questions  which  were  ijermitted,  HE  STATED  that  he  was  prejudiced  against  Socialists,  Anarchists 
and  Communists  as  a  class.  The  rulinss  of  the  court,  however,  prevented  inquiries  as  to  whether  that  prejudice  would 
iiiliuence  his  verdict,  or  the  weight  he  would  give  to  the  testimony  of  the  defendants,  if  they  should  be  sworn,  and  to  their 
witnesses,  in  his  determination  of  the  cause." 

STATUS    OF    JUROR    No.    3. 

"HE  ADMITTED  that  he  had  heard  of  the  Haymarket  affair  and  that  he  had  expressed  an  opinion  as  to  the 
guilt  or  innocence  of  the  defendants  of  the  murder  charged,  which  he  still  entertained;  that  he  believed^what  he  had 
read  and  heard  upon  the  subject,  and  that  he  thouglit  that  the  opmion  was  such  as  would  prevent  him  from  rendering 
an  IMPARTIAL  verdict." 

STATUS    OF     JUROR    No.    4. 

"  HE  STATED  that  from  all  sources  of  information,  from  what  he  had  read  and  heard  concerning  the  Haymarket 
Jifuiir,  HE  had  for.med  an  opinion  upon  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  defendants  of  ilie  crime  of  murder,  which  opinion 
he  liad  freely  expressed  in  conversation  with  others." 

STATUS     OF    JUROR    No.    6. 

"HE  HAD  SAID  somebody  ought  to  be  made  an  example  of  in  connection  with  the  Haymarket  affair,  and  if 
it  should  be  proved  that  the  defendants  were  the  men  whose  names  he  saw  in  the  papers,  connected  with  the 
affair,  then  he  thought  THEY  should  be  made  examples  of." 

STATUS     OF    JUROR    No.    7. 

"HE  ADMITTED  a  prejudice  ag-.ainst  Socialists,  Communists  and  Anarchists." 
STATUS    OF    JUROR    No.    8. 

"HE  STATED  that  he  bad  taken  some  interest  in  Socialistic  theories,  and  as  a  result  of  his  investigations  he  had 
A  prejudice  against  Anarchists,  Socialists  and  Communists.  He  had  formed  an  opinjon  of  the  nature  and  character  of 
the  crime  perpetrated  at  the  Haymarket,  and,  based  upon  his  reading,  as  to  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  defendants." 

STATUS    OF    JUROR    No.    ». 

"HE  also  STATED  that  he  had  formed  an  opinion  concerning  the  commission  of  the  offense  at  the  Haymarket, 
and  from  newspaper  reports  had  an  opiniov  concerning  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  defendants,  or  some  of  them,  and 
that  he  had  a  prejudice  derived  from  his  reading  against  Socialists,  Anarchists  and  Communists." 

STATUS    OF    JUROR    No.    lO. 

"HE  SAID  that  from  his  reading  concerning  the  Haymarket  affair  he  had  formed  an  opinion  as  to  the  guilt  of  the 
defendants,  or  some  of  them.'' 

STATUS    OF    JUROR    No.    11. 

"  HE  ADMITTED  upon  examination  that  he  h.\d  formed  an  opinion  that  some  of  the  defendants  were  guilty  of 
the  crime  committed  at  the  Haymarket,  which  opinion  he  still  entertained." 

STATUS    OF    JUROR    ^o.    !«. 

"  HE  STATED  that  he  had  an  opinion  from  what  he  had  read  and  heard  as  to  the  guilt  or  innocence  o.  the  eight 
defendants  of  the  throwing  of  the  bomb.  He  also  said  that  he  had  a  decided  prejudice  against  Socialists,  Communists 
and  Anarchists." 

Is  there  any  necessity  of  insisting  that  this  is  not  the  sort  of  jury  guaranteed 
to  every  accused  person  by  the  Constitution  of  this  Repubhc? 

Taking  these  men  upon  their  own  showing,  can  any  language  do  them  justice? 

Would  any  reader  of  these  lines  be  willing  to  place  his  purse — to  say  nothing  of 
his  life — at  the  mercy  of  such  men? 

There  is  not  an  honest  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  the  country  who  would  try  a  man 
for  shooting  a  dog  with  a  jury  thus  constituted— not  one. 

"Nine  members  of  that  jury  admitted  their  prejudice  or  their  pre-judgment.  Perhaps  you  will  say  to  us,  why  did 
you  take  such  jurors  ?  And  my  brother  Grinnell's  argument  lies  practically  along  the  line  that  we  took  these  men,  or  some 
of  them,  against  whom  these  objections  were  raised  or  existed,  when  we  were  not  compelled  to  take  them.  He  advanced 
the  argument  before  your  Honors  that  because  when  we  took  these  men  under  these  rulings  there  were  still  with  us  ccrtairi 
peremptory  challenges  unexhausted,  therefore  we  have  no  occasion  to  complain.  Our  main  complaint  in  this  matter  is 
this:  Not  the  complaint  of  an  isolated  ruling  as  to  an  individual  juror,  which  might  be  met  by  a  peremptory  challenge  and 
somebody  else  entirely  satisfactory  put  in  his  place,  and  where  it  might  be  said  it  was  dammun  absgue  injuria,  as  your 
Honor.;  have  said  in  such  a  case;  but  our  complaint  is,  thai/rom  the  ti7ne  these  jury  examinations  commenced  a  line  of 
rulings  was  established  imdcr  which  we  had  to  face  the  fact  that  we  could  not  g:i  an  impartial  jury  ;  that  it  was  vain 
for  us  to  make  the  effort;  that  we  mitst  content  ou7-selvcs  with  cheosing  out  of  those  wlio  were  brought  to  us  and  placed 
before  us,  those  who  seemed  the  least  objectionable." — Capt.  W.  P.  Bl.-\ck,  Oral  Argument. 


4.— Sucli  Jurors  liave  been   again   and   again  de- 
clared by  tbe  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  to 
be  Incompetent. 

With  such  a  jury  as  this,  was  there  the  least  chance  for  the  accused  to  "ejijoy 
the  right"  to  v/hich  they  were  entitled  under  both  the  federal  and  state  con- 
stitutions ? 

NO  \     A  thousand  times  NO  ! 

Is  such  a  jury  as  sat  in  this  case  the  sort  of  jury  which  is  guaranteed  by  the 
documents  which  form  the  very  source  of  all  law  and  judicial  administration  appli- 
cable to  the  matter  ? 

To  the  contrary  :  entirely  to  the  contrary  ! 

Such  jurors  as  sat  in  this  case  have  been  condemned  again  and  again  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois. 

By  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  such  jurors  as  these  have  been  declared  dis- 
qualified and  incompetent,  their  verdicts  disapproved,  and  new  trials  ordered. 

(■•) 

"The  Prisoner,"  says  Justice  Breese,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  in  Gray  v.  T/ie  People,  26  111.,  344,  (April 
term,  1861,)  "ought  not  to  be  forced  to  encounter  a  pre-existing  opinion,  deliberately  formed  on  statements  believed 
to  be  true;  and  which  he  would  be  required  to  remove." 

(2.) 

"  It  was  held,"  says  Chief  Justice  Treat,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  in  Neelcy  v.  The  People,  (June  term, 
1852,)  13  111.,  6S5,  "in  Smith  v.  Eames,  3  Scam.,  76,  that,  if  a  juror  has  made  a  decided  opinion  respecting  the  merits  of 
the  controversy,  either  from  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  facts,  from  the  statements  of  the  witnesses,  from  the  relations  of 
the  parties,  or  from  rumor,  he  is  disqualified  from  trying  the  case,  if  challenged  for  cause.  The  rule  was  adhered  to 
in  the  case  of  Gardner  y.  The  People,  3  Scam.,  83;  Ven?iuin  v.  Hartvood,  i  Oilman,  659,  and  Baxter  \.  The  People, 
3  Gil.,  36S,  and  must  now  be  considered  as  the  settled  doctrine  of  this  court." 

(3) 

"  It  is  not  necessary,"  says  Justice  Thornton,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  in  U'innesheik  Insurance  Com- 
pany V.  Sch?icller,  60  111.,  465,  (September  term,  1871,)  "that  His  unfavorable  impressions  should  be  so  strong  that 
they  cannot  be  .--hakcn  by  evidence.  It  is  sufficient  [to  disqualify  him]  if  proof  be  necessary  to  restore  his  impartiality. 
A  party  should  never  be  compelled  to  produce  proof  to  change  A  preconceived  opinion  or  prejudice  which  may  con- 
trol the  action  of  the  juror." 

(4-) 

"It  has  been  repeatedly  held  by  this  court,"  says  Justice  Walker,  of  the  Suprem.e  Court  of  Illinois,  in 
Collins  y.  The  People,  (September  terra,  1868,)  48  111.,  146,  "that  if  a  juror  has  a  decide:)  opinion  respecting  the 
merits  of  the  controversy,  from  the  statements  of  witnesses,  from  the  relations  of  the  panics,  or  from  rumor,  he  is  dis- 
qualified from  trying  the  case,  if  challenged  for  cause."  *  *  "  A  prisoner  should  never  ek  required  to  encounter  a 
pre-existing  opinion  deliberately  formed,  which  the  juror  believes  is  true,  and  which  the  prisoner  would  be  obliged  to  over- 
come.    When  tried  by  such  jurors,  HE  CANNOT  BE  SAID  TO  HAVE  HAD  A  FAIR  TRIAL." 

Against  the  corrupt,  debased,  and  infamous  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  of  to- 
(Iciyf  let  us  accept  the'decisions  of  the  wise,  honest,  a?id  upright  Judges  tvho  consti- 
tuted the  Supre7ne  Court  of  Illinois  hefuve  it  had  become  the  quilling  instrument 
of  murder! 

5.— They  were  Illegally  Convicted. 

Legally  convicted  ? 
It's  a  lie;  a  hideous,  horrible  Lie  ! 

There  is  not  an  honest  and  intelligent  man  in  the  world  who  will  affirm,  after 
taking  adequate  cognisance  of  the  facts,  that  the  condemned  men  were  legally 

CONVICTED. 

Of  what  use  is  it  to  prate  of  "  due  process  of  law,"  "  twelve  good  men  and 


true,"  "  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,"  etc.,  when  the  whole  prosecution  is  a  lte, 
a  PRETENCE,  a  CONSPIRACY,  a  vengeance  of  Shylocks,  an  apotheosis  of  perjurers, 
a  vagary  of  idiocy  ? 

Is  not  a  lie  always  and  everywhere  a  lie,  and  would  it  not  always  and  every- 
where remain  a  lie,  even  if  untold  millions  of  human  beings  should  believe  it  or 
affirm  it  ? 

And  is  not  an  illegality  always  and  everywhere  an  illegality,  notwithstanding  all 
possible  declarations  to  the  contrary  by  all  the  perjured  and  subsidized  courts  in 
existence  ? 

Of  what  consequence  is  the  chatter  of  these  vestibuled  idiots  from  the  moment 
when  they  wilfully,  knowingly,  and  blasphemously  prostitute  the  machinery  of  the 
law  to  murder  innocent  men  ? 

Can  the  rehash  and  re-affirmation  of  the  same  vicious  pettifogging,  the  same 
infamous  falsehood,  ever  transform  it  into  the  truth,  even  if  this  rehashing  and 
re-affirmating  should  go  on  and  stretch  out  till  the  last  hour  of  eternity  ? 

The  defendants  are  charged  : 

1,  With  having  thrown  the  bomb  which  killed  a  certain  policeman,  Mathias  J. 
Degan,  or 

2.  JVith  having  aided,  abetted,  assisted,  advised,  or  encouraged  some  person  in 
the  throwing  of  that  bomb. 

But  not  a  single  fact,  suggestion  or  probability  has  ever  been  advanced  in  proof 
of  either  of  the  said  accusations. 

To  the  contrary,  the  accused  have  been  proved,  a  thousand  times  over,  and  in 
a  thousand  ways,  inclusive  of  their  own  words  and  acts,  to  be  entirely  innocent 
of  either  of  the  acts  with  which  they  are  charged, 

"  In  reference  to  that  conviction,  we  claim  that  it  was  induced  because,  first,  the  case  was  tried  before  a  tribunal  that 
had  prejudged  it;  that  such  a  tribunal  was  secured  because  of  the  grave,  persistent  and  inexcusable  errors  of  the  trial  court 
in  the  rulings  in  reference  to  the  qualifications  of  jurors  But  beyond  that,  we  claim  that  that  conviction  was  induced  by 
the  introduction  of  improper  testimony  under  the  application  of  improper  rules,  or  supposed  rules,  of  law;  and  that  it  was 
measur  ibly  contnbuted  to  by  impropneties,  which  characterized  the  progress  of  the  tnal  itself,  ahke  from  the  judge  upon  the 
Lench  and  the  prosecuting  attorney  who  represented  the  people."— Capt  W.  P.  Black,  Cral  ArgumeHt. 

6.— Tlie  tMrd  Juror  Tras  mfam.ously  corrupt, 

tainted,  incoztipetesit  anci  illeg'al. 

After  the  trial  and  in  support  of  a  motion  for  a  new  trial,  the  defendants  intro- 
duced the  affidavits  of  two  citizens  named  Morgan,  who  both  testified  unequivocally 
that  on  the  morning  of  the  6th  of  May — the  second  morning  after  the  bomb  throw- 
ing— the  third  juror  stated  to  them  and  in  their  hearing,  referring  to  Spies,  Fielden, 
Schwab  and  Fischer  particularly,  who  had  been  arrested  on  the  5th  of  May  for 
alleged  complicity  with  the  Haymarket  affair,  and  referring  to  Spies:  ^^ He  aiid  the 
zuhole  damned  crowd  ought  to  be  hwig/"  This  remark  the  affiants  declared,  was 
made  with  much  feeling  and  emphasis.  Was  it  right  that  this  man,  after  thus  ex- 
pressing his  sentiments  months  beforehand,  should  figure  in  this  case?  Was  it  legal 
for  this  man  to  express  officially  in  the  verdict  of  this  Jury  the  opinion  and  conviction 
to  which  he  had  thus  given  utterance  long  mojiths  before? 


10 

"We  took  the  man  because  we  were  acting  under  this  line  of  rulings — only  to  find  what?  That,  when  the  sentence 
of  death  had  been  spoken  by  this  jur>-,  that  man  who  sat  upon  it  had  publicly  declared  in  advance  that  S/>ies  and  the 
■whole  dajnned  crowd  ought  to  be  hung.'  Those  were  his  words;  words  proved  by  the  affidavits  of  two  unimpeached  and 
unimpeachable  witnesses  adduced  in  support  of  the  motion  for  a  new  trial.  True,  Mr.  Denker's  affidavit  denying  that  he 
made  that  statement  to  those  men  was  presented.  It  was  one  affidavit  against  two.  It  was  the  affidavit  of  the  juror 
charged  against  the  affidavits  of  two  disinterested  parties,  who  were,  as  stated,  unimpeached  and  unimpeachable.  The 
trial  court  chose  to  give  weight  to  his  affidavit  rather  than  the  affidavits  of  the  others.  And  yet,  in  that  affidavit,  he  ad- 
mitted that  he  had  frequently  expressed  to  others  his  condemnation  of  the  accused ;  and,  strange  to  say,  the  affidavit  does 

not  deny  that  he  ever  used  the  expression  attributed  to  him  by  these  witnes.ses;  it  onl/  says  he  did  not  use  it  to  them." 

Capt.  W.  P.  BL.^CK,  Oral  A  rgument. 

"The  opinion  which  has  been  avowed  bv  the  court,"  said  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  in  the  trial  of  Burr,  "is  that 
LIGHT  IMPRESSIONS  which  may  be  fairly  supposed  to  yield  to  the  testimony  that  may  be  offered ;  which  may  leave  the 
mind  open  to  a  fair  consideration  of  that  testimony:  constitute  ko  sufficient  objection  to  a  jukor;  but  that  those 
srrXKG  ANt)  DEEP  IMPRESSIONS  which  will  close  the  mind  againtt  the  testimony  that  may  be  ofiercd  in  opposition  to  them; 
which  will  combat  that  testimony  and  resist  its  force;  DO  CONSTITUTE  A  SUFFICIENT  OBJECTION  TO  HIM." 

7.— The  eleventh  Juror  was  as  tainted  as  the  third. 

The  status  of  the  eleventh  juror  is  as  bad  as  that  of  the  third.  Not  long  after 
the  Haymarket  affair,  as  appears  from  a  sworn  affidavit,*  this  eleventh  juror  was  con- 
versing with  a  citizen  named  Cull,  who  said:  "That  the  police  had  no  right  to 
interfere  with  the  meeting;  that  if  they,  the  police,  had  let  the  meeting  alone  they 
would  have  gone  home  in  a  short  while,"  etc.  To  this  the  said  third  juror  replied: 
'■'-That  the  police  ought  to  have  shot  them  all  down;  that  they,  the  defendants,  had  no 
rights  in  this  country ;  and  that  ^^  if  I  were  on  the  jury,  I  would  hang  all  the 
damned  buggars."  ^^^35  Well,  this  man  in  due  course  sat  "on  the  jury,"  in  due 
course  he  expressed  his  murderous  spite  in  the  jury's  verdict.  Is  not  the  mere  state- 
ment of  such  facts  a  sufficient  portrayal  of  the  cljaracter  of  Gary's  "tribunal"  and 
of  every  man  who  becomes  or  remains  responsible  for  it  ? 

*  "Cull  was  arrested  and  spent  one  night  in  jail  for  giving  this  affidavit." — Samuel  Fielden,  autograph  note  in  a  copy 
of  "The  Ides  of  November." 

8.— The  Jury  was  summoned  illegally. 

How  came  such  men  to  be  assembled  in  the  jury-box  to  give  a  coloring  of 
legality  to  the  murder  contrived  by  the  conspirators  ? 

Why,  nothing  is  easier. 

Just  listen  to  the  declarations  of  special  bailiff  Ryce,  who  had  in  charge  the 
summoning  of  the  jurors,  and  who  said,  in  substance,  to  a  citizen  named  Favor,  as 
duly  affirmed  by  sworn  affidavit: 

"I  am  viatiagiug  this  case,  and  I  hnnzv  what  I  am  ahotit.  Those  fellows  will  hang  as  certain  as  death. 
/  am  summoning  as  jurors  such  men  as  they  will  be  compelled  to  challenge  peremptorily,  and  zi'hen  they  have  ex- 
hausted their  peremptory  challenges  they  will  have  to  take  such.jnrors  as  are  satisfactory  to  the  State." 

How  sublime  must  be  the  constitution  of  that  court  wherein  even  the  "special 
bailiff" — no  doubt  taking  his  cue  from  his  superiors — is  so  anxious  to  conspire  to 
murder  J 

"  What  shall  be  said  now  of  the  action  of  the  court  in  reference  to  the  conduct  of  the  special  bailiff?  I  am  not  going 
to  dwell  upon  it;  but  with  an  affidavit  showing  that  the  special  bailiff  had  gone  forth  into  the  field  committed  to  the  hanging 
of  these  men  and  announcing  that  he  would  select  only  such  men  as  jurors  as  would  secure  this  result:  upon  an  affidavit 
that  this  could  be  proved  by  a  certain  reputable  witness,  who  would  not  give  his  affidavit,  but  would  appear  to  submit  to 
examination,  the  court  re/used  our  application  for  an  order  for  his  examination,  refused  to  order  the  issuance  of  a 
subpoena,  although  it  was  asked  for  instanter,  REFUSED  to  take  <2«^  steps  to  bring  before  the  court  this  evidence  of 
this  misconduct;  misconduct  that,  if  established,  showed  that  the  plaintiffs  m  error  were  the  victims  of  a  conspiracy  as  in- 
famous as  ever  wrought  judicial  murder  1  " — Capt  W.  P.  Black,  Oral  Argument, 


11 

9.— The  Meeting'  at  tlie  Hayniarket  "was  a  strictly 
leg'al  Meeting*. 

The  facts  in  regard  to  the  meeting  at  the  Haymarket  are  as  follows : 
I.  The  meeting  was  legally  called.  2.  It  was  legally  conducted.  3.  Its  purpose 
was  a  legal  one.  4.  The  speeches  and  proceedings  were  legal.  5.  The  police 
hadn't  a  particle  of  right  to  interfere  with  it  or  intrude  upon  it.  6.  All  the  speakers 
and  by-standers  had  the  fullest  right  to  be  there.  7.  All  persons  present  had  the 
fullest  right  to  stand  their  ground  in  defiance  of  the  attempt  of  the  police  to  disperse 
them.  7.  The  police,  by  the  mere  act  of  resorting  to  violence  to  disperse  the 
speakers  and  the  audience,  were  guilty  of  a  breach  of  the  peace  and  became  by 
that  very  act  Hable  to  arrest  and  punishment  as  the  aggressors.  8.  The  speakers 
and  audience  had  the  right  of  armed  resistance  to  this  invasion  of  their  rights  and 
liberties,  and  could  have  killed  every  assaila?it  that  night  within  the  limits  of 
legitimate  self-defence  / 

The  right  of  self-defense  is  founded  on  the  law  of  nature,  and  is  not,  nor  can  be,  superseded  by  any  law  of  society.— 
Whartoti,  Hoin.,  p   230. 

"  If  the  defendants,  or  any  of  them,  were  unlawfully  attacked,  then,  of  course,  they  had  a  right  to  defend  them- 
selves."— IM.  Salomon,  Arg^tmetit /or  the  Defense. 

10.— The  Killing  of  Degan  not  Murder. 

It  is  evident  from  what  precedes  that  the  killing  of  Degan,  whoever  is  guilty  of 
it,  cannot  possibly  be  classed  as  murder.  The  indictment  of  the  accused  for  murder 
is  simply  an  illegal  pretext,  as  are,  in  fact,  all  other  features  and  procedures  of  the 
so-called  "trial."  When  Degan  was  killed,  he  was  m  the  act  of  committing  a 
breach  of  the  peace  !  When  Degan  was  killed,  he  was  actually  engaged  in  a  crim- 
inal assault,  a  main  armee,  or  with  deadly  weapons,  upon  peaceable  citizens!  He 
had  no  warrant  for  anybody's  arrest,  and  was  simply  advancing  in  an  illegal  and  ar- 
bitrary manner,  without  a  shadow  of  right,  to  assault  persons  who  were  legally  pres- 
ent and  acting  in  a  strictly  legal  manner.  So  certain  and  absolute  is  this  fact,  that 
the  prosecution  made  no  attempt  during  the  trial  to  establish  the  legality  of  Degan's 
presence  at  the  Haymarket  or  the  legality  of  his  actions.  They  simply  assumed 
that  he  was  there  legally,  and  that  he  assaulted  legally  the  persons  he  found  there. 
They  assumed  these  things,  I  say,  as  they  assumed  everything  else,  but  assump- 
tions are  not  la77,  and  cannot  be  made  to  stand  in  place  of  the  law.  If  it  were 
right  for  the  prosecution  to  assume  that  Degan  was  there  legally  and  acting  in  a 
legal  manner,  it  would  be  equally  right  for  the  defence  to  assume  exactly  the  con- 
trary. As  a  simple  matter  of  fact,  assumptions  have  no  place  in  this  matter.  The 
legality  or  illegality  of  Degan's  presence  and  action  at  the  Haymarket  is  to  be  de- 
cided by  evidence,  which  I  will  now  proceed  to  give. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  Hon.  Carter  H.  Harrison,  the  mayor  of  Chicago,  was 
placed  on  the  witness  stand  as  the  first  witness  for  the  defense.  His  testimony  as  to 
the  character  of  the  meeting  was  clear  and  decisive.     Following  are  extracts: 

Q.     Did  you  attend  the  Haymarket  meeting  on  Desplaines  street,  on  the  4th  of  May  last  ? 

A.  A  part  of  it,  not  the  whole.  During  May  4th,  probably  about  noon,  information  came  to  me  of  the  issuance  of 
a  circular  of  a  very  peculiar  character,  and  a  call  for  a  meeting  at  the  Haymarket  that  night.     I  called  the  chief  of  police 


12 

and  directed  him  if  anything  should  be  said  at  that  meeting  as  was  likely  to  call  out  a  recurrence  of  such  proceedings  as 
at  McCormick's  factory,  th^meeting  should  be  immediately  dispersed.  I  believed  that  it  was  better  for  myself  to  be  there 
and  to  disperse  it  myself  instead  of  leaving  it  to  any  policemen.  I  thought  my  order  would  be  better  obeyed.  I  went  there 
then  for  the  purpose,  if  I  felt  it  necessary  for  the  best  interests  of  the  city,  to  disperse  that  meeting. 

Q.     How  long  did  you  remain  at  the  meeting? 

A.  It  was  about  five  minutes  before  eight  o'clock  when  I  arrived.  I  should  judge  from  the  time  when  the  bomb 
sounded  and  the  time  it  took  me  to  walk  home,  that  I  left  the  meeting  between  lo  and  10.03  o'clock.  I  heard  all  except 
probably  a  minute  or  a  minute  and  a  half  of  Mr.  Spies'  speech,  and  all  of  Mr.  Parsons'  up  to  the  time  I  left,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  break  when  I  left  him  talking  and  went  over  to  the  station.  I  was  absent  five  or  ten  minutes.  It  was 
near  the  close  of  Parsons'  speech.  /  should  judge  he  was  looking  toward  a  close.  I  went  to  the  station  to  speak  to 
Captain  Bonfield,  and  had  determined  to  go  home,  but  instead  of  going  home  I  went  back  to  hear  a  little  more,  and  then 

Q.  Up  to  the  time  that  you  went  to  the  station  and  had  this  interview  with  Mr.  Bonfield,  what  was  the  tenor  of  the 
speeches  ? 

A.  With  the  exception  of  a  portion  in  the  earlier  part  of  Mr.  Spies'  address,  which,  for  probably  a  minute,  was  such 
that  I  feared  it  was  leading  up  to  a  point  where  I  should  disperse  the  meeting,  it  was  such  that  I  remarked  to  Captain 
Bonfield  that  it  was  tame.  The  portion  of  Mr.  Parsons'  speech  attracting  most  attention  was  the  statistics  ^s  to  the 
amount  of  returns  given  to  labor  from  capital,  and  showing,  if  I  remember  rightly  now,  that  capital  got  eighty-fi/e  per 
cent,  and  labor  fifteen  per  cent     It  was  what  I  should  call  a  violent  political  harangue  against  capital. 

Q.     Was  any  action  taken  by  you  while  you  were  at  the  meeting  looking  to  the  dispersal  of  tlie  meeting? 

A.     No! 

Q.  Do  you  recollect  any  suggestion  made  by  either  of  the  speakers  looking  toward  the  immediate  use  of  force  or 
violence  toward  any  person  ? 

A.      There  was  none.     If  there  had  been  I  should  have  dispersed  them  at  once. 

Q.     How  long  was  the  interview  that  you  had  with  Inspector  Bonfield? 

A.     Probably  five  minutes. 

Q.     Will  you  please  state  what  it  was  ? 

A.  I  went  back  to  the  station  and  said  to  Bonfield  that  I  thought  that  the  speeches  were  about  over;  thai  nothing 
had  occured yet  or  was  likely  to  occur  to  require  interference,  and  I  thought  he  had  better  issue  orders  to  his  resen'es  at 
the  other  stations  to  go  home.  He  replied  that  he  thought  about  the  same  way,  as  he  had  men  in  the  crowd  who  were 
reporting  to  him. 

Q.     Did  you  see  any  weapons  in  the  hands  of  the  audience? 

A.     No,  sir;  none  at  all. 

It  is  thus  clearly  established  that  the  meeting  at  the  Haymarket  was  perfectly 
peaceable.  Nothing  is  shown  to  have  occured  in  the  short  time  which  elapsed  be- 
tween the  departure  of  the  mayor  for  home  and  the  order  given  by  Inspector  Bon- 
field to  six  companies  of  pohce,  numbering  174  men,  to  march  to  and  disperse  the 
meeting. 

Now  let  us  see  what  well-known  and  recognized  authorities  have  to  say  in  regard 
to  the  situation  of  affairs  which  is  here  presented. 

"All  persons  have  a  right  peaceably  to  assemble  for  worship,  for  political  discussion,  or  for  any  other  purpose  not  in 
itself  unlawfiil,  and  the  invasion  of  this  right  by  others  is  an  indictable  offense." — Robinson  on  Elementary 
Law,  §  459. 

"The  right  to  assemble  may  be  important  for  religious,  social,  industrial  or  political  purposes.  *  *  *  Social  meetings 
and  industrial  meetings  arc  seldom  likely  to  be  disturbed  by  the  authorities,  except  when  they  are  believed  to  contemplate 
public  disorder,  and  are  in  open  defiance  to  the  law:  but  there  must  be  an  actual  breach  of  the  law  before  they  can  be 
intermeddled  with. — Cooley  on  Principles  of  Court,  p.  268. 

We  have  thus  established  by  due  evidence  and  authority  the  following  points  in 
regard  to  the  Haymarket  meeting: 

I. — The  meeting  was  peaceful  and  legal,  and  as  such  was  beyond  the  interfer- 
ence or  intermeddling  of  any  human  authority  whatever  upon  this  planet. 

2. — Hence,  anyone  coming  to  the  Haymarket  to  disperse  the  said  meeting,  be 
he  Bonfield  or  be  he  Began,  could  only  come  there  at  his  risk  and  peril,  could  only 
come  there  by  committing  a  breach  of  the  law,  and  consequently  under  the  penalty 
of  being  indicted  and  punished. 


13 

Such  was  the  situation  of  affairs  at  the  Hayniarket  at  the  moment  Degan  ad- 
vanced to  his  death. 

Now,  the  section  of  the  law  under  which  the  accused  were  indicted  reads 
as  follows: 

"Murder  is  the  unlawful  killins  of  a  human  being  in  the  peace  of  the  people  TTith  malice  aforethouj^ht, 

"cither  expressed  or  implied.  The  unlawful  killing  may  be  perpetrated  by  poisoning,  striking,  stabbing,  shooting,  etc.,  or 
"by  any  other  of  the  various  forms  or  means  by  which  human  nature  maybe  overcome  and  death  thereby  occasioned. 
"E.xpress  malice  is  that  deliberate  intention  unlawfully  to  take  away  the  life  of  a  fellow-creature  which  is  manifested  by 
"external  circumstances  capable  of  pro'  f.  Malice  shall  be  implied  when  no  considerable  provocation  appears, 
"or  when  all  the  circumstances  of  the  killing  show  an  abandoned  and  malignant  heart." 

Bear  in  mind  now  what  has  been  said  about  //le  right  of  self-defense,  as  also  what 
is  everywhere  conceded  and  recognized  under  this  head,  by  all  codes  and  by  all  au- 
thorities, and  in  all  times  and  in  all  situations.  Bear  in  mind  that  Degan,  at  the  mo- 
ment of  the  killing,  was  engaged  in  an  armed  attack  upon  his  fellow-citizens,  who 
had  done  him  no  wrong  and  offered  him  no  violence,  and  who  were  under  the  safe- 
guard of  the  Constitution  and  the  laws,  while  he  himself  possessed  the  attitude  and 
status  of  a  criminal  assailant.  Give  due  heed  to  all  the  facts  and  circumstances  of 
the  case,  and  the  conclusion  will  be  reached  irresistibly  that  the  "considerable 
provocation"  which  is  expressly  recognized  by  the  law  is  here  present  in  a  marked 
and  ineffaceable  degree,  and  that  the  killing  of  Degan  is  consequendy  not  murder. 

"An  illegal  attempt  to  restrain  a  man's  liberty,  even  under  color  of  legal  process,  is  such  provocation  as  to  reduce  the 
offense  [of  homicide]  to  manslaughter. —  Wluxrten,  Laiu  of  Homicide  171  tJu  U.  S.,  p.  203. 

11.— The    Police    as   tlie   Ag-g-ressors  in    the    Hay- 
market  Tragedy,  are  solely  and  entirely 
responsible   for  it. 

It  is  undeniable  that  the  police  who  appeared  at  the  Haymarket  that  night  are  di- 
recdy  and  solely  responsible  for  all  the  outcomes  of  the  collision.  If  the  "rank  and 
hie  "  of  these  intruders  should  be  in  a  measure  excused  in  their  own  sight  by  the  fact 
that  they  were  simply  obeying  the  orders  of  their  superiors,  this  plea  can  in  no  wise 
be  used  in  their  justification.  No  policeman  or  other  official,  anywhere,  or  under  any 
circumstances,  is  authorized  to  make  any  illegal  arrest,  or  interfere  illegally  with  afiy 
man  or  meeting,  or  obey  any  illegal  order  from  any  source  or  person  whatever,  and  any 
one  who  does  anything  of  the  kind  does  so  at  his  risk  afid peril.  Upon  the  whole  body 
of  police,  therefore,  which  broke  the  peace  that  night  at  the  Haymarket — upon  every 
police  official  there,  from  Bonfield  and  Ward  down  to  their  meanest  clubber,  and 
UPON  THESE  AGGRESSORS  ALONE — rcsts  and  remains  the  entire  responsibility  for  the 
killing  of  Degan,  andforall  else  that  happened.  The  indisputable  and  unchangeable 
fact  that  the  police  officials  were  the  aggressors  makes  them  inevitably  and  eternally 
responsible  for  all  the  violence  and  bloodshed  that  succeeded,  and  all  the  sophistry 
in  the  world  cannot  nullify  this  responsibility  nor  conceal  it.  How  many  innocent 
and  unarmed  citizens  who  chanced  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Haymarket  that  night 
were  killed  or  wounded  by  the  police,  no  one  can  undertake  to  say  definitely,  but 
they  are  known  to  have  been  many.  If  there  is  any  hanging  to  be  inaugurated, 
therefore,  on  the  part  of  the  survivors,  it  will  be  as  natural  as  right  to  begin  with 
Bonfield  and  Ward  and  the  other  actual  and  responsible  aggressors. 


14 

"Not  a  suigle  act  transpired  there  previous  to  the  coming  of  the  policemen  by  which  any  man  in  the  audience 
could  be  held  amenable  to  law!  They  assembled,  there,  gentlemen,  under  the  provision  of  our  Constitution,  to  exercise 
the  right  of  free  speech,  to  discuss  the  situation  of  the  workingmen,  to  discu  >s  the  eight-hour  question.  They  assembled 
there  to  incidently  discuss  what  they  deemed  outrages  at  McCormick's.  No  man  expected  that  a  bomb  would  be  thrown: 
no  man  expected  that  any  one  would  be  injured  at  that  meeting,  but  while  some  of  these  defendants  were  there  and  while 
this  meeting  was  peaceably  in  progress,  the  police,  with  a  devilish  design,  as  we  expect  lo  piove,  came  down  upon  that 
body  with  their  revolvers  in  their  hands  and  pockets,  ready  for  immediate  use." — M.  Salomon,  Argument  for  tlie 
Defense. 

"  In  disregara  of  our  constitutional  rights  as  citizens,  it  was  proposed  to  order  the  dispersal  of  a  pe.iceable  meeting. 
Has  it  come  to  pass  that  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of  this  State,  our  meetings  for  the  discussion  of 
grievances  are  subject  to  be  scattered  to  the  winds  at  the  breath  of  a  petty  pohce  officer?  Can  they  take  into  their  hands 
the  law?  If  so,  that  is  anarchy  ;  nay,  the  chaos  of  constitutional  right  and  legally  guaranteed  liberty.  I  ask  you  as;ain, 
charging  no  legal  responsibility  here,  but  looking  at  the  man  who  is  morally  at  fault  for  the  death  harvest  of  that  night, 
who  brought  it  on?     Would  it  have  been  but  for  the  act  of  Bonfield?  " — Capt.  W.  P.  Black.  Address. 

13.— The  Accused  are  the  Victims  of  a  hellish 
Conspiracy. 

No  one  who  has  given  the  subject  due  attention  can  possibly  be  the  dupe  of  the 
ghastly  farce  which  is  being  played  in  Chicago. 

Everybody  knows  that  the  trial  and  condemnation  of  the  seven  champions  of  the 
workingman  is  a  fraud  and  a  mockery  and  a  tissue  of  lies  and  false  pretences  from 
its  very  incipiency. 

The  facts  in  the  case  are : 

A  group  of  tainted  and  perjured  pettifoggers,  assisted  by  a  few  police  bulhes,  and 
incited  by  a  mob  of  newspaper  blatherskites  and  worshippers  of  Mammon,  havl:  con- 
trived the  judicial  ASSASSINATION  of  the  accused,  under  a  flimsy  pretext  and  color- 
ing of  legal  process,  fur  an  act  with  which  they  have  had  NO  proved  connection, 
and  of  which  the  real  author  is  still  unknown,  as  is  also  the  fact  whether  he  belonijed 
to  the  Pinkertons  or  to  some  other  source  of  agents  provocateurs,  or  was  merely  some 
soHtary  workingman  acting  solely  upon  his  own  volition. 

A  more  infamous  conspiracy  than  the  one  thus  planned  and  arranged  is 
not  known  to  human  annals. 

Will  the  People  and  Press  of  these  United  States  permit  this  foul  and  horrible 
murder  to  be  committed  ? 

If  they  do,  they  and  their  children  will  deserve  to  be  slaves  and  accursed  forever. 

"There  have  been  many  judicial  murders  committed  where  the  representatives  of  the  State  were  acting  in  good 
faith,  believing  their  victims  to  be  guilty  of  the  charge  accused  of  In  this  case  the  representatives  of  the  State  cannot 
shield  themselves  with  a  similar  excuse.  For  they  themselves  have  fabricated  most  of  the  testimony  which  was  used  as  a 
pretense  to  convict;  to  convict  us  by  a  jury  picked  out  to  convict !  Before  this  court,  and  before  the  public,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  State,  I  charge  the  State's  Attorney  and  Bonfield  with  the  hemous  conspiracy  to  commit  murder." — 
August  Simks. 

"  To  term  the  proceedings  during  the  trial  justice,  would  be  a  sneer.  Justice  has  not  been  done,  more  tlian  this, 
could  not  be  done.  If  one  class  is  arrayed  against  the  other,  it  is  idle  and  hypocritical  to  think  about  justice.  Anarchy 
was  on  trial,  as  the  State's  Attorney  put  it  in  his  closing  speech.  A  doctrine,  an  opinion  hostile  10  brute  force,  hostile  to 
our  present  murderous  system  of  production  and  distribution.  I  am  condemned  to  die  for  writing  newspaper  articles  and 
making  speichcs. " — Michel  Schwab. 

"We  claim  that  the  foulest  criminal  that  could  have  been  picked  up  in  the  shims  of  .nny  city  in  Christendom,  or 
outside  of  it,  would  never  have  been  convicted  nn  such  testimony  as  has  been  brought  in  here  if  he  had  not  been  a  danger- 
ous man  in  the  opinion  of  the  privileged  cla.s.ses.  We  claim  that  we  are  convicted,  not  because  we  have  committ.d  mur- 
der.    We  are  convicted  because  we  were  very  energetic  in  advocacy  of  the  righis  of  labor. — Samitel  Fieluen. 

"  What  stronger  evidence  can  be  required  to  prove  the  infamous  character  of  what  are  called  <>ur  criminal  courts? 
Evidently  the  courts  are  criminal,  whether  the  persons  they  cmvici.  arc  criminal  or  not.  Under  such  a  condition  of  things 
as  this,  manifestly,  a  trial  can  have  no  color  of  justice  or  reason,  or  be  anything  else  than  a  conspiracy  to  convict  a  man, 
whether  he  be  innocent  or  guilty." — A.  R.  Parsons. 


15 

13e— The  Accused  liad  nothing  -whatever  to  do  -with 
the  Thro-wing"  of  the  Haymarket  Bomb. 

"The  Judge  himself,"  observed  Lingg,  "was  forced  to  admit  that  the  State's  At- 
torney had  not  been  able  to  connect  me  with  the  bomb-throwing." 

"There  was  no  evidence  produced  by  the  State,"  said  Spies,  "to  show  or  even 
indicate  that  I  had  any  knowledge  of  the  man  who  threw  the  bomb,  or  that  I  my- 
self had  anything  to  do  widi  the  throwing  of  the  missile." 

"  I  have  not  the  slightest  idea  who  threw  the  bomb  on  the  Haymarket,"  declared 
Schwab,  "and  had  no  knowledge  of  any  conspiracy  to  use  violence  on  that  or  any 
other  night." 

"There  is  no  evidence"  affirmed  Neebe,  "to  show  that  I  was  connected  vvith  the 
bomb-throwing,  or  that  I  was  near  it,  or  anything  of  that  kind." 

"Although  one  of  the  parties  who  arranged  the  Haymarket  meeting,' 
declared  Fischek,  "  I  had  no  more  to  do  with  the  throwing  of  that  bomb,  1  had  no 
more  connection  with  it,  than  State's  Attorney  Grinnell  had." 

"  There  was  no  evidence  produced  to  implicate  me  with  the  Haymarket  bomb," 
was  the  declaration  of  Parsons.  "Why,  the  evidence  that  was  produced,  only 
touched  two  of  us,  only  implicated  two  of  us,  and  that  evidence,  as  your  honor  must 
know,  was  paid  for.  Everybody  knows  it.  Your  honor  knows  it.  Your  honor  does 
not  credit  that  testimony  of  Gilmer.  You  cannot  do  it.  It  was  overwhelmingly  and 
irresistibly  impeached." 

In  other  terms,  none  of  the  defendants  threw  the  bomb,  and  no  human 
being  knows  who  did. 

The  real  offender,  the  actual  bomb -thrower,  remains  unknown  to  this  present  day. 

It  is  notoriously  known  and  acknowledged  by  EVERYBODY  that  ihe  man 
who  really  thrcw  the  bomb,  and  who  is  solely  responsible  for  that  act,  has  never 
been  discovered. 

It  is  needless  to  add  that  in  the  person  of  this  unknown  we  have  a  really  dan- 
gerous man,  if  not  a  guilty  one.  He  is  the  man  the  police  should  look  lor.  He  is 
the  man  to  be  arrested  and  punished.  In  the  absence  of  this  real  offender,  is  it  de- 
sirable to  seize  upon  innocent  men  and  hang  them  for  a  deed  of  which  they  are  as 
innocent  as  a  babe  unborn? 

"For  aught  which  appears  in  this  record,  your  honors  upon  your  consciences  will  be  compelled  to  say  that  bomb  may 
have  been  thrown  by  somcbo  ly  in  no  way  cuiinecied  widi  these  defendants,  directly  or  indirectly.  It  may  have  been  d  ne 
by  an  enemy  of  the  rs.  It  may  have  been  done  by  some  man  acting  upon  his  <  wn  mere  malice  and  ill-will.  It  was  thrown 
outside  of  the  purpose  of  the  Haymarket  meeting.  It  was  thrown  in  disregard  of  the  arrangement  and  understandmg  fsr 
that  meeting.  It  was  thrown  to  the  overthrow  of  the  labor  and  the  effbit  that  these  men  were  then  giving  their  lives  to, 
namely,  the  esiablishinent  of  the  eight-hour  day.  It  brought  an  end  to  their  efforts.  It  was  not  of  their  devising.  The 
record  s  low.s  it. 

'•'Ihe  record  frils  to  show  who  threw  that  bomb." — Capt.  W.  P.  Bu'VCK,  Argmncnf. 

"We  have  never  changed  our  opinion,"  says  one  of  the  noblest  men  in  this  nation — Moses  Hi'LL,  in  his  A'ifW 
Thought — '  that  some  capiuiist  employed  ji  tool  to  throw  that  bomb  on  purpose  to  create  a  prejudice  in  the  public  mind." 

"  But  here  comes  in  another  important  fact  in  this  discussion.  There  is  a  most  complete  military  organisation  in  this 
country  entirely  independent  of  all  law,  state  or  nationaL     It  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  killing  people,  and  has  so  done  in 


16 

more  Aan  one  instance.  Why  don't  the  very  patriotic  lovers  and  expounders  of  law  do  something  to  bring  these  murderers 
to  justice?  Why  not  bring  to  bear  the  law  against  Pinkerton's  thugs  and  hang  them  for  conspiracy  and  murder?  Why? 
Oh,  that  is  another  case  entirely,  Pinkerton's  men  only  shot  down  the  workingmen,  and  what  do  they  amount  to  anyway? 
But  we  have  a  right  to  demand  why  a  military  organization,  formed  to  kill  the  people  at  the  call  of  Jay  Gould  and  other 
corporation  cormorants,  and  which  has  killed  them,  shall  go  unhung  while  another,  formed  to  protect  the  people,  shall  be 
condemned." — Prof  J.  F.  Loveland,  in  Nc-m  Thought. 


14.— The  Accused  liave  never  been  guilty  of 
Violence  nor  counselled  it. 

I'fie  more  prominent  of  the  accused,  especially  Spies  and  Parsons,  have  been 
TALKING  and  WRITING  for  years  in  favor  of  the  workingman's  emancipation  from 
the  bondage  in  which  his  spoilers  have  placed  him. 

In  this  capacity  they  have  traversed  the  land. 

In  this  capacity  they  have  established  newspapers  and  held  meetings  in  various 
places,  with  more  or  less  frequency  and  regularity. 

They  have  portrayed  what  every  workingman  knows  to  be  the  -absolute  truth — 
that  misery,  starvation,  ill-paid  and  excessive  labor,  etc.,  which  afflict  the  great 
MAJORITY  of  the  citizens  of  this  land — and  hence  they  have  become  widely  known 
as  leaders  in  the  movements  of  the  workingmen  for  the  bettering  of  their  condition. 

It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  add  that  they  have  always  conducted  this  long  and 
effective  crusade  within  strictly  legal  limits. 

They  have  neither  been  guilty  of  violence  nor  counselled  it,*  and 
the  PROOF,  the  undeniable  and  irrefutable  proof  of  their  strictly  legal  bearing  and 
conduct  is  found  abundantly  in  the  fact  that  they  carried  on  their  work  for  years 
under  the  very  noses  of  deadly  enemies,  who  would  not  have  hesitated  a  moment 
to  take  advantage  of  their  first  illegal  act  to  interfere  with  them. 

From  this  strictly  legal  method  the  accused  have  never  departed — never! 

NOT    for   a    single    MOMENT ! 


■*  "  Only  in  self-defense  when  unlawfully  attacked  by  capitalistic  hirelings."— Mrs.  Nina  Spies,  attto^-raph  note 
in  a  copy  of  "  The  Ides  of  Novemher.'''' 

"It  is  true  we  have  called  upon  the  people  to  arm  themselves.  It  is  true  that  we  have  told  them  time  and  again  that 
the  great  day  of  change  was  coming.  It  is  true  we  have  called  upon  the  people  to  arm  and  prepare  for  the  stormy  times 
before  us."— August  Spies,  Reply  to  the  Court. 

"The  right  declared  [namely,  to  bear  arms]  was  meant  to  be  a  strong  moral  check  upon  usurpations  and  arbitrary 
power  of  rulers,  and  as  a  necessar>-  and  cITicient  means  of  regaining  rights  when  temporarily  overturned  by  usurpation." 
— Coolcy  on  Court  Law,  p.  270. 

15.— The  Accused  are  the  Prophets  and  Apostles  of 
a  g-reat  and  j^lorious  Chang'e. 

The  first  great  fact,  then,  in  regard  to  the  accused  is  this : 

They  have  recognized  the  white  slavery  of  their  generation,  precisely  as 
John  Brown  recognized  the  black  slavery  of  his  day,  and  they  have  cried  out 
nobly  and  grandly  against  it,  in  words  that  will  echo  the  whole  world  around 
fore\'er. 


17 

"  Talk  about  a  gigantic  conspiracy !  "  cried  Schwab,  when  asked  why  sentence 
of  death  should  not  be  pronounced  upon  him.  "  A  movement  is  not  a  con- 
spiracy !  All  we  did  was  done  in  open  dayhght.  There  were  no  secrets.  We 
prophesied  in  word  and  writing  the  coming  of  a  great  revolution,  a  change  in  the 
system  of  production  in  all  industrial  countries  of  the  globe.     And  the  change 

WILL   COME,    and    MUST   COME  !  " 

These  grand  words  are  the  keynote  of  the  situation. 

They  not  only  show  the  objects  sought,  but  the  method  of  the  seeking. 

They  not  only  point  to  what  is  to-day,  but  they  point  to  what  is  inevitably 
coming. 

And  it  is  simply  because  the  accused  have  talked  and  written  in  this  sense 
that  they  are  now  condemned  to  die. 

Let  this  be  understood  now  and  here. 

The  accusation  against  these  heroes  and  martyrs  is  a  mere  pretence 
TO  get  rid  of  them  ! — TO  suppress  the  truths  they  have  been  teaching, 
and  TO  cower  the  workingmen  OF  America  into  submission  to  the  or- 
ders OF  their  tyrants  ! 

Fair  warning  to  all  present,  coming,  and  to  come ! 

Let  no  one  ignore  it! 

The  accused  are  simply  the  victims  of  false  witness,  perjury,  news- 
paper CLAMOR,    SUBORNING  AND    LYING  ! 

"When  the  spirit  of  hberty  has  fled,  and  truth  and  justice  are  disregarded,  private  rights  [i.  e.  liberty  and  life,]  can 
.easily  be  sacrificed  under  the  forms  of  law." — Kent's  Com.,  vol.  i.,  p.  6i8. 

16— The  utter  Falsity  and  Illegality  of  Judge 
Gary's  Rulings. 

(!•) 

"H.  N.  Smith,  when  presented  as  a  talesman,  and  examined  with  reference  to 
his  competency  to  sit  as  a  juror,  said  that  he  had  formed  a  quite  decided  opinion  as 
to  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  defendants;  had  read  the  newspapers  at  the  time; 
had  had  frequent  conversations  in  regard  to  the  matter;  had  expressed  his  opinion, 
and  still  entertained  it.  He  said  he  was  afraid  he  would  listen  a  little  more  intently 
to  testimony  that  agreed  with  his  opinion  than  to  testimony  on  the  other  side. 
Then  followed  these  questions  and  answers,  taken  from  the  record  verbatim: 

"  Q.  That  is,  you  would  be  willing  to  have  your  opinion  strengthened,  and  would  hate  very  much  to  have  it  dissolved  ? 
"A.  I  would.  Q.  Under  these  circumstances,  do  you  think  you  could  render  a  fair  and  impartial  verdict?  A.  I  don't 
"  thinlcl  could.  Q.  You  think  you  would  be  prejudiced?  A.  I  think  I  would  be  prejudiced,  because  jity  feeling  is  very 
"bitter.  *  *  *  Q,  The  question  is  whether  or  not  your  prejudice  would  in  any  way  influence  you  in  coming  to  an  opinion, 
"arriving  at  a  verdict?  A.  I  think  it  would.  Q.  You  think  it  would  take  less  testimony  as  a  juryman  to  come  to 
"the  conclusion  which  you  now  have  than  to  come  to  the  opposite  conclusion?  A.  Yes,  sir.  Q.  That  is  your  best 
"judgment  now?     A.  Yes,  sir." 

"  Upon  these  questions  and  answers  Mr.  Smith  was  challenged.  He  was  taken 
in  hand  by  the  other  side.  He  was  educated  and  led  along  by  the  other  side  and 
the  court  until  he  said,  yes,  he  rather  thought  he  could  lay  aside  his  feelings  and 
prejudices,  and  render  a  verdict  in  accordance  with  the  evidence— a  fair  and  im- 
partial verdict.  The  challenge  for  cause  was  thereupon  overruled,  and  zV  was  held 
that  this  man  was  competent^ 


IS 

(II.) 

''H,  L.  Anderson  (Vol,  C.  of  the  record,  p.  517),  said  that  he  had  read  and 
heard  about  the  Haymarket  affair,  and  formed  an  opinion  as  to  the  guilt  or  inno- 
cence of  some  of  the  defendants;  that  he  had  frequently  talked  the  matter  over 
with  other  people,  and  expressed  his  opinion  as  to  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the 
defendants,  which  opinion  he  still  retained,  and  which  was  based  not  only  upon 
what  he  had  read  but  what  he  heard;  that  he  was  sure  he  could  lay  aside  his 
prejudice  and  grant  a  fair  trial  upon  the  evidence.  That  he  was  well  acquainted 
with  some  of  the  police  force  who  were  present  at  the  Haymarket,  and  they  had  given 
him  their  views  of  the  matter  since  that  tneeting,  and  told  him  what  occurred  there  in 
connection  with  the  effort  to  disperse  the  crowd.  That  some  of  them  were  injured  by  the 
explosion  of  the  bomb,  and  that  he  knew  well  one  of  the  parties  killed  by  the  bomb. 
That  he  had  formed  a?i  unqualified  opinion  as  to  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  de- 
fendants which  he  regarded  as  deep-seated,  a  firm  conviction  that  these  defendants, 
OR  SOME  OF  them,  WERE  GUILTY.  That  as  a  result  of  the  conversation  that  he  had 
with  the  policemen  present  at  the  meeting,  he  reached  his  opinion  as  to  the  guilt  or 
innocence  of  some  of  the  defejidatits.  And  yet  this  juror  was  held  by  Judge  Gary  to 
be  competent!" 

These  two  cases  are  samples  of  scores  which  might  be  quoted.  We  have  drawn 
them  from  the  Argument  of  Capt.  Black  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  re- 
taining the  very  words  of  the  Captain,  who  added: 

"  Now,  I  am  not  going  to  spend  much  time  in  arguing  to  your  Honors  the  utter  falsity  and  illegality  of  such 
rulings.  I  am  not  going  to  insult  your  intelligence  by  arguing  that  a  jury  of  such  men  as  these  whose  examinations  I  have 
read,  would  not  constitute  a  fair  and  impartial  juiy  to  try  these  defendants  by.     No !  " 

(III.) 

James  H.  Walker  said  he  had  formed  an  opinion  on  the  question  of  the  guilt 
or  innocence  of  the  defendants  of  the  murder  of  Mr.  Degan,  which  opinion  he  still 
entertained  and  had  expressed  to  others.  Asked  as  to  whether  this  opinion  would 
influence  his  verdict,  he  replied: 

"  Well,  /  a7>t  willitig  to  adtnit  that  viy  opinion  would  handicap  my  judgment,  possibly." 

Further  on  he  was  asked : 

"  Now,  do  you  believe  that  you  can  fairly  and  impartially  render  a  verdict  without  .-iny  regard  to  rumor  and  what  you 
may  have  in  your  mind  in  the  way  of  suspicion  and  impression,  etc.,  but  do  you  believe  that  you  can  fairly  and  impartially 
render  a  verdict  in  accordance  with  the  law  and  evidence  in  the  case  ? 

A.     I  shall  try  to  do  it,  sir. 

Q.  But  do  you  believe  that  you  can  sit  here  and  fairly  and  impartially  make  up  your  mind  from  the  evidence,  whether 
that  evidence  prove  that  they  are  guilty  beyond  a  reasonable  doubt  or  not? 

A.     I  think  I  could,  but  I  should  feel  that  I  was  a  little  liandicapped  in  my  judgment,  sir. 

The  Covwr. — Well,  that  is  a  sufficient  qualification  for  a  juror  in  the  case.  Of  course,  tfic  more  a  inan  feels 
that  he  is  handicapped,  the  more  he  will  be  guarded  against  it." 

Could  anything  be  more  revolting?  Can  any  worse  flippancy  than  this  be  pro- 
duced from  the  annals  of  the  bench  ? 

The  counsel  for  the  defence,  in  their  brief  before  the  Supreme  Court,  took  notice 
of  this  very  singular  matter,  as  follows: 

"Wc  beg  leave  to  state  that  not  only  is  the  remark  given  above  contrary  to  experience,  but  to  all  the  authorities. 
According  to  the  remark  of  the  court,  the  stronger  the  opinion  of  the  juror  against  the  defendant,  and  the  more  bi.is  and 
prejudice  he  has,  the  better  juryman  he  will  make;  because,  having  this  hostile  opinion  and  this  bias  and  prejudice,  he  will 
be  conscious  of  it,  and  will  isolate  it  from  himself,  and  that  will  leave  his  mind  to  act  on  the  evidence  alone.  The  common 
experience  is  that  a  previously  formed  opinion  or  prejudice  is  like  the  sand-drift  that  permeates  and  mixes  with  everything^ 


19 

or  like  green  spectacles  that  color  everything  witliin  the  vision.  Tlie  authorities  all  agree  that  the  defendants  are  not  bound 
to  take  such  a  juryman,  or,  as  the  Chief  Justice  says  in  the  Burr  case,  'the  law  will  not  trust  hini.^  Judge  Gary  seems 
to  think  that  the  Constitution  is  all  wrong,  This  provision  should  have  been  that  a  defendant  should  be  entitled  to  a  jury- 
man '  handkai-ped'  by  previous  opinions  and  prejudices,  and  the  more  he  is  lumdicapped  the  better  the  juryman  will  be.'" 

(IV.) 

We  have  already  briefly  indicated  how  terribly  Gary  and  Grinnell  have  violated 
the  Sixth  Amendment  in  reference  to  the  right  of  the  accused  to  be  tried  by  an  im- 
partial jury.  Sworn  to  seek  for  "the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the 
truth,"  these  conspirators  neglect  no  opportunity  of  "  ruling  "  the  truth  out  of  court, 
and  "  objecting  "  to  every  measure  looking  to  its  elucidation.  For  instance,  after 
the  perjurer,  Thompson,  swore  that  he  had  overheard  Spies  and  Schwab  talking 
about  "  police,"  "  pistols,"  etc.,  i7i  English — a  statement  which  no  human  being  can 
believe,  so  completely  is  it  refuted  in  a  thousand  ways — it  naturally  became  a  simple 
detail  of  the  search  for  the  truth  to  show  that  Schwab  speaks  English  very  imper- 
fectly, and  that  he  speaks  habitually  in  German.  Spies,  when  on  the  stand,  was 
accordingly  asked : 

"  What  is  the  usual  lan^^tagi'  in  which  you  carried  on  conversations  with  Schwab?" 

The  answer  would,  of  course,  have  been : 

"In  German  .'" 

This  answer  would  have  tended  to  the  discovery  of  the  truth,  and  would  have 
been  an  instant  refutation  of  the  impudent  lies  of  the  aforesaid  perjured  witness. 

But  this  answer  Spies  was  not  allowed  to  utter. 

The  truth-seeking  Grinnell  objected  to  the  question,  and  Judge  Gar)'  sustained 
the  objection  ! 

A  hundred  examples  of  this  same  sort  of  "  ruling  "  could  be  given,  by  the  sac- 
rifice of  the  necessary  space,  but  cui  bono  ?  Enough  has  been  said  already  to  give 
the  public  the  measure  of  these  men. 

17.— Jud^e  Gary's  Substitution  of  Fiction  for  Tact. 

The  very  first  day  on  which  testimony  was  taken,  Judge  Gaiy  rendered  the  fol- 
lowing ruling,  which  governed  all  subsequent  proceedings  : 

"  If  the  fact  be  that  a  large  number  of  men  concurred  with  each  other  in  preparing  to  use  force  for  the  destruction  of 
human  life,  upon  occasions  which  were  not  yet  foreseen,  but  upon  some  principles  which  they  substantially  agreed  upon, 
as,  for  example,  Uking  the  words  of  this  witness,  if  a  large  number  of  men  agreed  together  to  kill  the  police,  if  they  were 
found  in  conflict  with  strikers— I  believe  is  the  phrase— /raz/w^  it  to  the  agents  of  violence  to  determine  whether  the  time 
a7id  occasion  had  come  for  tfie  use  of  violence,  then  if  the  time  and  occasion  do  come  when  the  violence  is  used,  are  not 
allparties  who  agreed  beforehand  in  preparing  the  means  of  death,  and  agreed  in  the  use  of  them  upon  the  time  and  oc- 
casion, equally  liable  ?  " 

Now,  the  moment  any  one  gives  atte'ition  to  this  ruling,  it  presents  the  follow- 
ing  well-defined  characteristics : 

1.  It  has  no  raison  d'etre,  as  a  French  jurist  would  say,  no  cause  to  exist,  no 

BASIS. 

2.  It  is  not  even  "  founded  on  facts." 

3.  Neither  on  that  first  day  of  the  testimony  nor  at  any  subsequent  time  was 
a  particle  of  evidence  offered  that  there  had  been  an  agreement  between  a  large 
number  of  men  "  to  kill  the  police'^ 


20 

4-  This  chatter  about  an  agreement  "  to  kill  the  police  "  is  a  mere  theory,  as- 
sumption, or  baseless  imagining — a  mere  conception  or  conjecture  of  Gary's  mind, 

5.  Yet  Gary  treats  this  intangible  shadow  of  his  own  mind  as  a  reality,  and 
makes  it  a  stay  of  his  court,  a  principle  of  his  action,  a  prime  agent  in  the  "  trial " 
of  the  accused ! 

6.  This  ruling  is  disloyal  and  dishonest — doubly  dishonest  and  disloyal,  for 
the  reason  that  it  substitutes  a  phantom  of  Gary's  mind  for  the  facts  concerning  the 
accused,  and  prevents  these  facts  from  taking  their  due  place  and  bearing  in  the 
record. 

7.  And,  finally,  this  ruling  is  evidently  designed  to  "  darken  counsel,"  to  con- 
ceal the  truth,  to  distract  attention  from  the  real  business  in  hand,  and  to  confuse 
and  mislead  the  jurors. 

In  proof  of  this  assertion,  it  is  only  necessary  to  paraphrase  this  ruling,  putting 
the  ACTUAL  FACTS  in  the  place  of  Gary's  chimeras,  and  the  whole  thing  falls  to 
pieces  as  a  mass  of  pettifogging  gibberish. 

For  instance : 

"  If  the  fact  be  that  a  large  number  of  men,  [say  workingmen,]  concurred  with  each  other  in  preparing  to  use  force 
for  the  destruction  of  human  life,  [say  180  policemen  lying  in  wait  with  revolvers,]  upon  occasions  which  were  not 
yet  foreseen,  [say  A  meeting  in  the  Havmarket,]  but  upon  some  principles  which  they  substantially  agreed  upon,  [such 
as  self-defence,]  leaving  it  to  the  agents  of  violence,  [the  said  workingmen,]  to  determine  whether  the  time  and  oc- 
casion had  come  for  the  use  of  violence,  [say  self-defense,  ]  then  if  the  time  and  occasion  do  come  when  the  violence  is  used, 
[the  SAID  workingmen  defending  themselves,]  are  not  all  parties  who  agreed  beforehand  in  preparing  the  means  of 
death,  [or  of  beating  back  the  aggressors,]  and  agreed  in  the  use  of  them  upon  the  time  and  occasion,  [when  mur- 
bEROUSLY  assaulted,]  equally  liable "i" 

Thus  actually  asking  the  question  which  Judge  Gary  only  pretends  to  ask,  we  see 

at  a  glance  that  the  answer  is  directly  contrary  to  the  conclusions  he  seeks  to 

establish ! 

(II.) 

In  over-ruling  the  motion  for  a  new  trial,  Judge  Gary  used  this  language : 

"The  conviction  has  not  gone  upon  the  ground  that  they  did  have  any  actual  participation  in  the  act  which  caused 
the  death  of  Degan,  but  upon  the  ground,  under  the  instructions,  that  they  had  generally,  by  speech  and  print,  advised 
a  large  class  to  commit  tnurdcry 

This  is  MERE  ASSERTION.  Not  a  word  of  proof  to  this  affect  was  offered  during 
the  whole  course  of  the  trial.  Not  a  single  line  can  be  quoted  from  the  writings 
of  any  of  the  accused  to  the  effect  stated. 

There  had,  indeed,  been  some  talk — and  only  talk — of  responding  to  the  vio- 
lence of  the  police  WITH  violence,  and  what  is  more  natural  and  at  tlie  same  time 
more  in  accordance  with  the  whole  spirit  and  letter  of  our  institutions  ? 

Is  it  necessary  to  remind  the  men  who  are  seeking  to  throw  the  glamor  of  le- 
gality over  the  contrived  murder  of  Spies  and  his  associates  that  the  right  of  re- 
bellion against  any  form  of  tyranny  and  oppression  is  the  very  foundation  principle 
of  our  national  existence  ? 

We  got  rid  of  George  the  Third  and  his  hireling  Hessians  by  a  successful 
revolution,  and  we  shall  get  rid  of  Shylock  and  his  hireling  Pinkertons  in  precisely 
the  same  manner — if  they  elect  to  force  the  issue. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  that. 


21 

Our  entire  country  is  not  only  an  embodiment  of  Revolution,  but  of  many  suc- 
cessive revolutions — first  against  England,  then  against  black  slavery,  and  now 
against  the  slavery  of  the  workingman. 

The  very  Constitution  of  these  United  States  is  the  absolute  and 
eternal  consecration  of  the  divine  right  of  resistance  to  tyranny  and 

violence    of   any    AND    EVERY   DESCRIPTION. 

In  Other  terms,  the  Right  of  Revolution,  or  of  rebellion  against  illegal  au- 
thority of  every  name  and  nature,  is  everywhere  arid  eternally  sacred  and  unpre- 
scriptible. 

So  far  as  the  condemned  men  have  announced  this  right,  therefore — and  there 
is  not  a  particle  of  evidence  anywhere  that  they  have  done  more  than  announce  it 
— their  actions  are  in  perfect  harmony  with  our  institutions  and  history,  and  will 
command  the  respect  and  assent  of  every  man  worthy  of  the  name  of  Americ?.n  or 
citizen. 

The  Judge  continues : 

'■'■  In  coitsequence  c/  that  advice  and  in  pursuance  pf  it,  and  influenced  hy  it,  sotnehody  not  known  did  throw  the 
bomb  that  caused  Began' s  death." 

Another  mere  assertion  !  Not  a  particle  of  evidence  has  ever  been  offered, 
or  can  in  the  very  Jiature  of  things  be  offered,  that  the  unknown  bomb-thrower  was 
in  any  way  influenced  by  the  speeches  or  writings  of  the  accused.  So  absolutely 
is  this  the  case  that  an  infinite  sea  of  conjectures  is  open  to  us  in  regard  to  the 
identity  of  the  actual  bomb-thrower,  as  also  in  regard  to  his  motives.  He  may 
have  been  a  man  who  had  been  clubbed  by  the  police  during  some  of  the  collisions 
which  had  previously  taken  place  between  the  citizens  and  the  poHce-aggressors. 
He  may  have  been  a  detective,  who  intended  to  use  the  bomb  against  the  working- 
men,  and  who,  in  the  haste  and  apprehension  of  its  discharge,  threw  it  unintention- 
ally in  the  direction  of  his  friends,  or  he  may  possibly,  in  view  of  the  unscrupulous 
character  of  many  of  these  disturbers  of  the  peace,  have  wilfully  and  knowingly 
sacrificed  a  few  of  his  friends  in  the  hope  and  expectation  of  making  business,  of 
being  revenged  upon  the  agitators,  and  of  defeating  the  eight-hour  movement,  etc., 
etc.  In  short,  nobody  knows  who  the  bomb-thrower  was,  or  what  were  the  Wo- 
tives  influencing  him,,  or  who  were  the  persons  who  actually  aided  and  abetted  him, 
if  any,  and  hence  it  is  not  only  a  mere  assumption  on  the  part  of  Judge  Gary  to 
attempt  to  make  the  accused  responsible  for  this  unknown's  actions,  but  it  is  also 
an  assumption  -wliich  is  not  easily  to  be  distinguished  from  a  malignant  and  infa- 
mous falsehood. 

The  actual  facts  of  Judge  Gary's  action  in  this  matter  may  accordingly  be 
summarised  as  follows: 

1.  He  falsely  affirms  that  the  accused  "  advised  a  large  class  to  commit  murder^^ 
and  then 

2.  He  falsely  affirms  that  the  unk>iown  bomb-thrower  7vas  influenced  by  words 
the  accused  wrote  or  uttered  ! 

And  upon  these  two  lies,  these  two  baseless  and  malicious  assertio?is,  the  ac- 
cused have  been  denied  a  new  trial ! ! 


22 

If  there  is  a  more  flagrant  case  of  judicial  corruption  and  outrage  than  this  in 
human  annals,  I  shall  be  glad  to  have  the  same  pointed  out  to  me. 

"  If  a  mob  upon  the  street  to-day  rushes  off  in  some  given  direction,  and  some  one  man  in  that  mob  commits  a  crime, 
and  it  is  atte:.ipted  to  hold  me  on  the  ground  that,  at  some  indefinite  prior  time,  I  advised  that  offense,  there  has  got  to  be 
some  connection  established  between  the  man  who  committed  the  crime  and  myself,  and  that  can  only  be  done  by  individ- 
uating that  man,  by  taking  him  out  of  the  multitude.  The  crime  is  committed:  non  constat,  but  that  it  may  have  been 
committed  upon  the  individual  malice,  ill-will  or  criminal  disposition  of  the  doer  of  the  deed:  non  constat,  but  that  in  the 
case  at  bar  the  bomb-thrower  may  never  have  heard  of  the  views  of  the  plaintiffs  in  error,  may  never  have  entered  at 
all  into  their  plans  and  purposes.     Their  plans  and  purposes  for  that  night  were  peaceable,  and  the  evidence  discloses  it! 

"Now,  when  it  is  attempted  to  be  made  out  that  somebody  in  that  meeting,  against  the  then  purpose  and  desire, 
against  the  then  expressed  disposition,  of  the  parties  who  were  there  speaking,  did  a  crime  for  which  it  is  sought  to  hold 
them,  despite  their  disclaimer  and  their  opposition ;  on  the  ground  that  at  some  previous  time  they  had  given  some  advice, 
or  entered  into  some  plan  which  possibly  covered  this  thing,  we  maintain  that  justice  and  the  law  alike  require  that  the  evi- 
'  den;e  shall  individuate  the  doer  of  the  crime,  and  shall  meet,  legally  and  conclusively,  the  hypothesis  that  the  crime  may 
ha\c  been  committed  by  some  man  out  of  his  own  malice,  and  without  any  reference  whatever  to  any  plan  or  conspiracy 
of  action.  One  man's  malice  or  misdeed  cannot  create  another  man's  guilt.  And  when  it  is  sought  to  hold  one  man,  on 
ihc  docti-ine  of  agency,  for  luhat  is  done  by  anotJier,  the  evidence  must  establish  the  agency. "  *  *  "  It  jniist  be  made  to 
nfpear  that  the  man  ivho  threw  the  bomb  was  a  man  acting  under  the  advice,  encouragement,  aiding  or  abetting  of 
the  plaintiffs  in  error."— C3.^\..  W.  P.  Black,  Argutnent. 

18.— Gilmer's  Perjury. 

As  is  known  to  everybody,  there  are  presented  in  this  case  a  pair  of  perjurers 
of  such  infamous  character  as  to  cause  Judas  Iscariot  to  look  like  a  gentleman. 

The  name  of  one  of  these  accursed  reprobates  is  Harry  L.  Gilmer. 

"  Two  witnesses  gave  affidavits  that  they  were  playing  pool  with  Gilmer  at  the 
vefy  moment  when  he  claimed  to  have  been  at  the  Haymarket !  !  " — Samuel  Fielden, 
Mss.  note  in  a  copy  of  "The  Ides  of  November." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  which  the  defense  will,  no  doubt,  be  able  to  show  in  due 
course,  this  brazen  and  monumental  perjurer  was  not  at  the  Haymarket  at  all  on 
the  night  of  the  bomb-throwing. 

This  is  Capt.  Black's  positive  conviction,  as  avowed  to  me  in  person. 

Yet,  despite  that  fact,  this  Gilmer  came  into  court  and  testified  as  follows : 

I.  That  Spies  lighted  the  bomb.  2.  That  Schnaubelt  threw  it.  3.  That  Fischer  was  present.  4.  That  he  thought 
he  saw  Schwab  present.  5.  That  Schnaubelt  was  five  feet  ten  inches  in  height.  6.  That  he  saw  Schnaubelt  throw  the 
bomb  "from  the  alley,"  and  so  on. 

The  first  witness  we  have  to  offer  against  Gilmer's  assertion  that  three  or  four 
of  the  accused  were  concerned  in  the  bomb-throwing  is  Grinnell  himself ! 

In  his  opening  address  to  the  jury,  the  State's  Attorney  made  use  of  the  fol- 
lowing language : 

"  Fielden  was  speaking.  Captain  Ward  alone  of  all  those  policemen  had  a  revolver  in  his  hand.  He  stepped  for- 
ward in  the  usual  manner,  and  ordered  the  people  to  disperse.  At  this  command,  Fielden  stepped  from  the  wagon  and 
said  in  a  loud  voice:  "We  are  peaceable."  AT  THIS  REMARK,  as  though  it  was  some  secret  signal,  A  MAN  who 
had  before  been  on  the  wagon,  taking  a  bomb  from  his  pocket,  LIT  the  fuse  and  threw  it  into  the  ranks  of  the 

POLICE." 

Now,  here  is  a  flat  contradiction  between  Grinnell  and  his  witness.  Which 
of  these  two  men  are  we  to  believe  ?  Are  we  not  strictly  held  and  enjoined,  by 
every  principle  of  morality  and  decency,  to  repudiate  both  of  them? 

As  a  matter  of  fact, 

I.  Schnaubelt  is  si.\  feet  and  two  or  three  inches  in  height  and  was  not  present  at  the  time  of  the  explosion.  2.  The 
bomb  was  not  thrown  from  the  alley,  but  from  a  point  on  the  sidewalk  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  south  of  the  alley.  3.  The 
day  after  the  Haymarket  affair,  Mr.  Graham,  a  reporter  of  the  Chicago  Times,  had  a  talk  with  Gilmer,  who  said  "he 
saw  THE  MAN  light  the  fuse  and  throw  the  bomb,  and  that  he  believed  he  could  recognize  THE  MAN  if  he  were  to 


23 

see  him  again  !  "  4.  Gilmer  swore  positively  tliat  he  knew  Spies'  face  well,  having  frequently  heard  him  at  meetings, 
and  from  that  knowledge  recognized  him.  Yet  in  the  conversation  with  Graham  on  the  afternoon  of  the  fifth  of  May, 
he  never  alluded  directly  or  indirectly  to  Spies  as  participating  in  throwing  or  lighting  the  bomb.  5.  It  appears  upon  the 
testimony  of  three  or  four  witnesses  that  Fischer,  at  the  time  of  the  e.\plosion  of  the  bomb,  was  in  Zepf  s  Hall,  sitting 
at  one  of  the  tables  in  company  with  l\Ir.  Wandr>-,  who  was  one  of  the  witnesses.  6.  Schwab  was  not  present  at  all  at 
Haymarket  meeting.  7.  Gilmer  was  impeached  by  ten  persons,  from  among  the  most  respectable  classes  of  the  com- 
munity, some  of  them  large  property  holders,  coming  forward  and  swearing  that  they  were  acquainted  with  his  general 
reputation  for  truth  and  veracity  among  his  neighbors,  these  being  persons  who  had  lived  in  the  same  hou.se  with  him,  or 
in  the  same  immediate  locality,  and  swearing,  without  hesitation,  that  his  reputation  for  truth  and  veracity  was  bad,  and 
that  they  would  not  believe  him  under  oath. 

"Gilmer  swore,"  says  Capt.  Bl.\ck,  Arg^imevi,  "that  that  bomb  w.xs  thrown  out  of  the  Crane  Brothers'  alley,  by 
Rudolph  Schnaubelt — the  only  effort  made  by  the  state  to  identify  in  any  manner  the  thrower  of  the  bomb — and  that 
Spies  lit  the  fuse,  while  Fischer  stood  by.  Now,  I  need  not  say  again  that  the  testimony  overwhelmingly  disproves  that 
whole  storj-.  Fischer  is  shown  by  the  testimony  of  four  or  five  witnesses  to  have  been  then  in  Zepf's  Hall.  Schnaubelt 
is  shown  to  have  been  a  man  si.x  feet,  three  inches  high;  while  Gilmer  says  that  the  bomb  thrower  was  five  feet,  eight, 
nine  or  ten  inches,  and  he  could  look  over  his  head;  while  nearly  a  score  of  witnesses  in  this  record  swear,  and 
establish  beyond  controversy  the  fact,  that  that  bomb  was  thrown  from  a  point  on  the  sidewalk,  somewhere  from  fifteen 
to  thirty  feet  or  more  south  from  the  alley.  Again,  there  are  witnesses,  numbers  of  them,  who  prove  to  an  absolute 
demonstration  that  Spies  never  got  down  off  that  wagon  until  just  contemporaneously  with  the  explosion  of  the  bomb, 
when  he  was  helped  to  dismount;  and  when,  instantly  after  having  helped  him  to  dismount,  Henry  Spies  was  shot  by  a 
pistol  in  the  hands  of  some  officer  standing  by  in  citizen's  clothes. 

"That  testimony  is  absolutely  false.  There  is  not  any  getting  away  from  this  conclusion.  And  that  effort  to  con- 
nect these  parties,  or  any  of  them,  utterly  fails,  because  of  the  absolute  failure  of  that  testimony." 

19.— Thompson's  Perjury. 

The  other  false  witness  to  which  I  have  alluded  is  M.  M.  Thompson,  who  de- 
scribed himself  as  being  employed  in  the  dry  goods  house  of  Marshall  Field  &  Co., 
which,  as  is  well  to  mention  for  the  information  of  distant  readers,  is  one  of  the 
largest  business  establishments  in  Chicago.  His  "  testimony  "  is  a  lie  from  begin- 
ning to  end,  and  is  proven  to  be  such  by  a  "  cloud  of  witnesses,"  and  a  host  of 
facts  and  circumstances  about  which  there  can  be  no  sort  of  question. 

"  He  swears  that  before  the  meeting  convened  he  was  standing  with  his  back  against  Crane  Brothers  building, 
some  three  or  four  feet  from  the  alley,  and  facing  west.  He  swears  that  while  in  that  neighborhood  Schwab  came  down 
the  street,  witness  not  knowing  him  before,  and  that  he  inquired  of  Mr.  Brazelton,  a  reporter,  as  to  who  that  was,  and 
Brazelton  said  it  was  Schwab.  He ] says  that  very  soon  after  that  Spies,  whom  also  he  had  never  seen  before  or  heard 
speak,  rose  up  on  a  wagon  and  called  out,  "  Is  Parsons  here  ?"  in  a  loud  tone  of  voice;  that  directly  after  making  that  in- 
quiry Spies  got  down  from  the  wagon,  and  he  and  Schwab  entered  the  alley,  going  into  it  about  the  middle,  and  that  t/wre 
ivas  a  c?vwd  there.  They  remained  in  the  alley  about  three  minutes,  and  witness  swears  that  standing  three  feet  noi-th. 
of  the  alley,  admitting  that  he  could  not  see  down  the  alley,  and  did  not  try  to  look  into  it,  yet  he  distinctly  heard  a  con- 
versation between  Spies  and  Schwab,  in  which  the  words  "pistols"  and  "police"  were  used,  in  a  voice  that  he  recognized 
as  that  of  Spies,  spoken  in  such  a  tone  that  nothing  of  the  rest  of  the  conversation  could  be  caught ;  consequently,  spoken 
in  a  low  tone.  Remember,  he  could  not  see  the  speakers  and  admitted  a  crowd  to  be  there.  He  had  never  heard  Spies 
speak  in  the  world,  except  the  loud  inquiry  from  the  wagon,  "  Is  Parsons  here  ?"  addressed  to  the  crowd,  yet  he  swears 
to  Spies'  conversational  tones  in  a  low  conversation,  out  of  his  range  of  vision.  And  while  he  had  never  heard  Schwab 
speak  at  all,  he  swears  he  asked  the  question,  "  Is  one  enough,  or  had  we  better  go  and  get  more  ?  "  He  relates  a  story 
of  then  following  them  north  on  Randolph  street  and  back  to  the  place  of  meeting  where  the  two  defendants  and  a  third 
partj-,  who  stood  with  his  back  toward  him,  yet  whom  he  was  willing  to  identify  from  a  photograph  as  Schnaubelt,  fell 
into  conversation;  that  there  Spies  gave  "something'    to  the  third  partj',  and  then  they  a// went  and  got  on  the  wagon." 

"  Now,  that  is  his  story,"  resumes  Capt.  Black.  "  The  evidence  of  a  score  of 
witnesses  demonstrates  its  falsity  in  every  particular.  Cosgrove,  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  police  force  and  a  witness  put  upon  the  stand  by  the  State,  swore  that  he 
was  present  in  the  crowd  around  that  wagon  when  Spies  got  up  and  said :  "  Is 
Parsons  here?"  That  there  was  a  suggestion  that  Parsons  was  away  somewhere, 
and  that  some  one  would  go  and  look  for  him.  He  then  swears  positively  that 
Spies  got  dowji  from  the  wagon,  and  that  with  a  party  of  two  or  three  me?i  he  pro- 
ceeded southwesterly  to  Randolf>h  street — heire  is  the  wagon  (illustrating  on  diagram), 


24 

there  is  southwesterly  to  Randolph  street — and  then  he  lost  him.  McKeough,  the 
very  next  witness,  a  city  detective,  an  officer,  following  that  up,  swears  that  he  also 
was  in  that  crowd  when  Spies  got  on  the  wagon  and  said  :  "  Is  Parsons  here  ?"  He 
also  swears  that  Spies  got  down  from  that  wagon  and  with  a  party  of  men  moved 
off;  and  he  swears  that  officer  Myers  and  himself  folloived  Spies  to  the  corner.  Now, 
that  is  the  interval  when,  according  to  this  man  Thompson,  instead  of  going  south- 
westerly as  Cosgrove  swears,  to  the  comer,  and  whither  McKeough  swears  he  fol- 
lowed him,  Spies  went  almost  due  east  into  this  alley,  and  remained  there  a  period 
of  three  minutes,  in  order  to  have  this  conversation  about  "pistols"  and  "police," 
and  "  is  one  of  them  enough  ?" 

"  It  is  a  matter  of  record  that  Schwab  was  at  No.  107  Fifth  avenue  that  evening  and  there  received  a  telephone  call 
to  Decring,  Spies  being  first  called  for,  and  that  he  left  that  place  after  receiving  the  message  is  evidenced  by  the  positive 
testimony  of  Patterson,  Waldo,  Bach  and  Fielden.  That  the  telephone  message  was  sent  from  Deering  is  shown  by  the 
testimony  of  Preusser.  That  he  v/as  seen  on  the  corner  of  Randolph  and  Desplaines  streets,  while  looking  for  Spies  to- 
go  to  Deering,  is  evidenced  by  the  testimony  of  two  reporters,  witnesses  for  the  prosecution,  Heineman  and  Owen.  Nc> 
other  witness  except  this  man  Thompson  claims  to  have  seen  Schwab  upon  this  alleged  journey  from  the  alley  on  Des- 
plaines and  Randolph  streets  and  back  again.  That  something  after  eight  o'clock,  be/ore  the  meeting  ivas  called  to  order, 
Schwab  went  south  to  the  corner  of  Randolph  and  took  an  east  bound  car  is  shown  by  the  testimony  of  Hermana 
Becker. 

"That  he,  in  fact,  went  to  Deering  and  spoke  there,  is  beyond  question ;  that  the  time  requisite  to  go  there  prevented 
him  from  being  at  the  Haymarket  when  the  speaking  began  is  also  clearly  shown.  Concerning  his  arrival  at  Deering  the 
testimony  of  Preusser,  Stittler,  Radtke  and  Behrens  confirm  that  of  Schwab  in  every  particular,  and  that  he  did  not  leave 
Deering,  an  hour's  journey  from  the  Haymarket,  till  after  half-past  ten. 

"  Further,  other  evidence  remains  as  to  Schwab's  non-connection  with  the  Haymarket  meeting.  Carl  Richter,  Robert 
Lindinger  and  Frederick  Liebel  all  swore  that  they  saw  Spies  when  he  asked  for  Parsons  from  the  wagon ;  that  they  stood 
at  the  entrance  to  the  alley  and  are  sure  that  he  did  not  enter  it.  Liebel  knew  Schwab  by  sight,  and  although  standing 
under  the  lamp-post  at  the  corner  of  the  alley,  a  few  feet  from  the  wagon  when  Spies  asked,  "Is  Parsons  here? "  he  did 
not  see  either  of  them  go  near  the  alley,  nor  saw  Schwab  that  night. 

"  Three  different  witnesses,  August  Spies,  his  brother,  Henry  Spies,  and  Henry  Zohl  confirm  the  above.  Zohl  swears 
he  stood  in  the  street  southwest  from  the  wagon ;  that  he  knew  these  parties  ;  that  Spies  passed  him  going  from  the  wagon 
directly  southwest,  precisely  as  officer  Cosgrove  swore,  down  to  that  corner,  to  which  Detective  McKeough  swears  he 
followed  him;  and  he  says  that  the  party  consisted  of  August  Spies,  Henry  Spies,  Ernst  Legner  and  Rudolph 
Schnaubelt."— DvER  D.  Lum,  A  Coiicise  History,  etc. 

"  The  testimony  of  Mr.  Thompson"  concludes  Capt.  Black,  "  is  a  fabricatioii 
froju  its  begimiing  to  its  end,  judged  by  every  rule  of  evidence ;  shown  such  not  only 
by  the  testimony  that  we  offered,  but  by  the  witnesses  of  the  State  themselves.  The 
attempt  to  implicate  these  defendants,  or  any  op  them,  in  any  persojial participation  in- 
that  act,  utterly  fails  /" 

20.— The  deep  and  suspicious  Darkness  in  which  the 
-^hole  Affair  is  still  enveloped. 

(!•) 

Does  it  not  seem  strange  that  Gary  and  Grinnell  never  caused  a  reward  to  be 
offered  for  the.  real  bomb-thrower  ?  That  Governor  Oglesby  never  offered  one  ? 
That  no  eager  and  greedy  detective  ever  solicited  the  oftering  of  a  reward  for  the 
unknown  ?  That  the  hireling  press,  which  has  so  much  to  say  about  matters  of  no 
consequence  whatever,  has  never  demanded  that  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  get 
hold  of  the  actual  bomb-thrower  by  the  power  of  a  reward  large  enough  to  induce 
some  confederate  to  betray  him  ?  Is.  not  this  general  silence  on  the  part  of  all  the 
representatives  of  the  capitalistic  conspiracy  significant?  Is  it  not  suggestive? 
Does  it  not  more  than  indicate  that  the  hideous  band  of  conspirators  who  are  really 


25 

responsible  for  the  Hay  market  outrage  know  already  all  they  desire  to  know  in 
regard  to  the  bomb-thrower's  identity  ?  Is  it  not  apparent  that  the  world  would  be 
Startled  if  we  could  once  get  down  to  the  "  true  inwardness  "  of  this  matter  ?  Who 
does  not  realize  that  there  is  a  back-ground  to  the  so-called  "  trial "  in  which  all 
sorts  of  hideous  monsters  are  watching  and  listening  ?  Down  deep  in  the  dark- 
ness and  slime  of  Gary's  "  tribunal,"  are  there  not  scores  of  facts  and  persons  whose 
outlines  are  not  distinctly  seen,  but  of  which  enough  is  visible  to  show  that  there  is 
here  a  festering  hell  of  which  no  man  has  yet  seen  the  height  and  the  depth  ?  Does 
not  all  that  has  been  done,  as  also  all  that  has  been  left  undone,  show  the  absolute 
necessity  of  a  thorough  exploration  of  this  abyss  ?  of  a  rigorous  and  implacable  in- 
quiry ?  of  an  honest  and  earnest  attempt  to  pierce  the  suspicious  darkness  in  which 
the  whole  affair  is  still  enveloped  ? 

(11.) 

Why  Gilmer  ?     Why  Thompson  ? 

What  is  the  real  meaning  of  the  presence  of  these  conscienceless  miscreants 
upon  the  witness  stand  ?  Can  that  be  a  righteous  cause  which  requires  the  support 
of  such  rank  perjurers  ?  Why  were  they  suborned  and  -paid  ?  Gilmer  was  abso- 
lutely i7npcached  by  ten  witnesses,  and  contradicted  by  forty-six,  some  of  whom 
were  called  by  the  prosecution !  Thompson  was  contradicted  by  thirteen  wit- 
nesses, and  so  thoroughly  discredited  and  refuted  that  even  Grinnell  shrank  from 
asking  instructions  based  upon  his  falsehoods.  Who  invented  the  lies  which  were 
placed  in  the  mouths  of  these  sinister  villains  ?  Is  there  not  some  good  reason 
why  they  are  still  accorded  immunity  from  the  penalties  of  perjury  ?  Why  should 
Gary  and  Grinnell  still  be  in  the  company  of  such  liars  and  assassins  ?  Is  not  the 
law  violated  and  polluted  by  the  very  thought  of  taking  action  or  attfibutions  upon 
the  responsibility  of  such  infamous  persons  ?  Would  any  court  which  had  a  parti- 
cle of  self-respect  allow  the  holy  name  of  justice  to  be  contaminated  by  association 
with  such  arrant  knavery  ? 

(III.) 

And  Bonfield  ? 

What  was  the  real  motive  and  purpose  of  that  hasty  and  murderous  attack  upon 
a  peaceable  meeting  which  was  already  rapidly  dispersing,  which  he  knew  from 
the  reports  of  his  detectives  to  be  already  in  process  of  dissolution,  and  tohich 
Mayor  Harrison  had  advised  him  in  the  plainest  of  terms  and  for  the  best  of  reasons 
to  leave  unmolested? 

Has  Bonfield  ever  been  pressed  by  Gary  and  Grinnell  to  explain  his  conduct  on 
this  occasion  and  avow  his  motives  and  intentions  ? 


"  All  witnesses  agree  that  the  audience  was  rapidly  thinning  out,  that  Fielden  had  twice  said  "in  conclusion,"  that 
no  resistance  was  given  to  the  aproach  of  the  police  or  crowd  sufficient  to  impede  their  progress.  As  to  the  character  of 
this  movement  of  the  police,  the  testimony  of  the  officers  themselves  shows  that  the  order  to  fall  in  was  given  urgently; 
there  was  no  halting  of  the  head  of  the  column  until  the  complete  column  was  formed ;  the  head  of  the  column  moved 
without  halting  at  a  rapid  march,  so  that  those  who  came  later  out  of  the  station  and  formed  the  second  and  third  compa- 
nies of  the  column  were  compelled  to  proceed  almost  if  not  quite  at  a  double-quick  in  order  to  get  their  position  in  the 
line,  and  that  they  did  not,  in  fact,  gain  that  position  undl  the  head  of  the  column  had  reached  the  position  of  the  halt. 
This  appears  from  the  testimony  of  Lieutenant  Stanton,  Ferguson  and  Gleeson. 

"No  explanation  is  given  by  any  of  the  officers  in  charge  of  the  force  that  night  of  this  singular  haste.    The  reader 


26 

will  bear  in  mind,  however,  that  both  HoUoway  and  Welmeldt  when  on  the  stand,  were  prepared  to  testify  that  they  had 
been  informed  at  the  station  that  blood  would  flow  before  midnight,  and  that  Judge  Gary  refitted  to  permit  tlietn  to  do 
j(7!"— DvER  D.  LuM,  A  Concise  History,  etc. 

What,  I  repeat,  is  the  secret  of  Bonfield's  action  on  that  occasion  ?  Has  he 
ever  avowed  it  ?  Is  he  wilHng  to  avow  it  ?  And  unless  he  can  and  will  avow  it, 
is  there  not  danger  that  he  will  eventually  find  himself  under  the  ban  of  a  horrible 
suspicion  ?  It  has  more  than  once  happened,  in  the  annals  of  persecution  and  po- 
litical assassination,  that  a  partisan  leader  has  suddenly  resolved,  at  the  last  minute, 
after  realizing  that  the  enemy  were  not  likely  to  offer  him  any  pretext  for  murdering 
them,  io  go  and  murder  them  without  any  pretext  /    Inspector,  I  await  your  answer! 

That  there  is  a  sinister  secret  here  which  needs  to  be  explained  by  Bonfield,  is 
apparent  upon  the  very  face  of  things,  and  it  is  more  than  suggested  already  that 
the  truth  is  to  be  sought  in  the  direction  of  a  premeditated  design  to  get  rid  of  the 
obnoxious  labor  element  on  that  night  by  some  summary  process. 

For  instance,  when  the  speakers  vacated  the  wagon  which  had  served  as  their 
platform,  after  the  summons  to  disperse,  there  appeared  on  the  scene  an  unknown, 
supposed  to  be  a  detective  in  plain  clothes,  who  deliberately  levelled  a  revolver  at 
the  back  of  Spies  and  pulled  the  trigger,  with  the  evident  intention  of  murder. 
Fortunately,  Henry  Spies  noticed  this  unknown  and  his  intention  in  time  to  save 
his  brother,  but  not  without  receiving  a  serious  wound. 

(IV.) 

And  Legner  ?  What  is  the  secret  underlying  the  dealings  of  the  state  with 
Legner  ? 

Legner  is  the  name  of  a  young  man  who  was  with  Spies,  on  the  night  of  the 
Haymarket  tragedy,  from  eight  o^ clock,  or  before  the  meeting,  until  a  few  seconds  be- 
fore the  explosion  of  the  bomb. 

Hence  Legner  was  in  a  position  to  utterly  annihilate  the  pretended  testimony 
of  Gilmer  and  Thompson. 

"  He  knew,''  says  Spies,  "  that  I  had  not  seen  Schwab  07i  that  evening.  He 
knew  that  I  had  no  such  conversation  with  afiybody  as  Mr.  Marshall  Field's  pro- 
tege, Thofnpson,  testified  to.  He  knew  that  I  did  not  jump  from  the  wagon  to  strike 
the  match  a7id  hand  it  to  the  man  who  thretu  the  bomb.     He  is  not  a  socialist." 

Then,  why  wasn't  Legner  produced  ? 

Simply  because  Grinnell  and  Bonfield  spirited  him  away ! 

They  "  knew  everything  about  Legner,"  declares  Spies.  "  They  knew  that  his 
testimony  would  prove  the  perjury  of  ThompsoJi  and  Gilmer  beyond  ajiy  reasonable 
doubt.  Legner' s  fiatne  7vas  on  the  list  of  tvitnesses  for  the  State.  He  was  not  called, 
however,  for  obvious  reasons.  Aye,  he  stated  to  a  number  of  friends  that  he  had 
been  offered  $500  if  he  would  leave  the  city,  and  threatened  with  direful  things  if 
he  remained  here  and  appeared  as  a  witness  for  the  defense.  He  replied  that  he 
could  neither  be  bought  nor  bulldozed  to  serve  such  a  damnable  and  dastardly  plot. 
When  we  wanted  Legner,  he  could  not  be  found." 

And  why  not  found  ? 

"  Because,"  explains  Spies,  "  he  had  been  kidnapped  and  taken  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 


27 

by  two  of  the  illustrious  guardians  of  '  Law  and  Order,'  two  Chicago  detectives," 
in  order  to  get  him  out  of  the  way  ! 

Now,  these  facts  ^re  patent  to  all  the  world,  and  is  there  a  single  reader  of  this 
pamphlet  who  will  say  that  the  absence  of  Legner,  under  these  circumstances,  is 
not  a  grave  reflection  and  imputation  upon  the  prosecution  ?  Has  the  Bench  and 
Bar  of  this  Republic  fallen  so  low  that  treachery  and  dishonesty  of  this  kind  will 
fail  to  receive  everywhere  a  prompt,  indignant  condemnation  ? 

"  The  fact  is  worthy  of  attention  that  Brazelton,  the  reporter  of  the  Inter  Ocean,  was  named  by  Mr.  Thompson  as 
the  man  who  pointed  out  Schwab  to  him  upon  the  Haymarket  some  time  before  eight  o'clock.  Brazelton's  name  was  in- 
dorsed on  the  back  of  the  indictment  as  one  of  the  witnesses  for  the  State,  yet  Brazelton  was  twt produced  by  the  State 
as  a  witness,  even  when  the  State  was  notified  by  the  defendants  to  produce  him,  thus  leaving  Thompson's  story  entirely 
unsupported.  Another  suspicious  omission  deserves  attention.  Ernst  Legner,  who  assisted  Mr.  Spies  from  the  wagon, 
and  who  accompanied  him  when  he  went  in  search  of  Parson.s,  had  his  name  indorsed  on  the  indictment  as  a  witness  for 
the  State,  but  he  luas  not  produced  as  a  ivitness,  though  formal  notice  was  demanded  by  the  defendants.  This  omis- 
sion to  produce  Legner,  and  his  subsequent  mysterious  disappearance  is  extremely  significant.  Spies  and  Schwab  were 
extremely  desirous  that  Legner  should  be  put  on  the  stand,  and  every  effort  was  made  by  their  counsel  to  find  him,  after 
it  became  known  that  the  prosecution  would  not  call  him,  but  unavailingly.  Legner  had  left  the  State,  and  his  wherea- 
bouts could  not  be  ascertained,  nor  his  attendance  procured.  The  State  chose  to  offer  Thompson's  testimony  without  at- 
tempting to  corroborate  it  by  Brazleton ;  and  did  not  produce  Legner,  although  they  had  him  as  a  witness  before  the 
grand  jury." — Dyer  D.  Llm,  A  Concise  History,  etc. 

The  meaning  of  all  these  facts,  and  of  many  more  of  the  same  nature  of  which 
these  facts  are  sufficient  examples  ? 

The  meaning  is  as  evident  as  the  stars  in  the  firmament ! 

No  one  who  gives  due  attention  to  the  partial  and  illegal  procedure  displayed 
in  this  "  trial "  can  doubt  for  a  moment  that  the  ingenuity  and  zeal  of  Gary  and  his 
aids  were  directed  to  the  exclusion  of  the  truth,  and  to  the  admission  of  every 
falsehood,  prejudice,  and  assumption  which  could  serve  as  a  pretext  for  the  judicial 
assassination  which  had  been  planned  from  the  beginning. 

21.— Grinnell's  False  Pretences.      ^ 

In  his  opening  address  to  the  jurors,  Grinnell  made  the  following  declarations: 

"  I  believe  .\T  le.-\st  thirty  men  should  have  been  indicted  for  murder,  and  this  would  have  been  done,  had  I  known 
all  the  facts  now  in  my  possession,  at  the  time  the  grand  jury  was  in  session," 

That  this  was  merely  talking  for  effect,  is  apparent  on  the  very  face  of  things. 

If  Crinnell  had  ever  possessed  any  facts  to  hang  '■'•at  least  thirty  men"  wouldn't 
he  still  possess  them  ? 

Couldn't  he  have  brought  the  facts  concerning  the  other  twenty-two  before 
ANY  of  the  grand  juries  which  have  sat  during  the  last  eighteen  months  ? 

Moreover,  if  there  were  thirty  offenders  in  this  case,  is  it  not  an  absolute  duty 
of  the  prosecution  to  bring  to  trial  the  twenty-two  whose  names  are  still  kept  from 
the  public  ? 

Is  it  not  a  simple  act  of  justice  to  the  seven  condemned  leaders  to  have  a  new 
trial,  and  try  the  whole  thirty  at  once,  thus  bringing  out  the  relations  of  one  to  an- 
other, and  so  fixing  upon  each  the  due  measure  of  his  guilt  ? 

Oh,  no  !  Don't  mention  it ! 

Grinnell  might  not  be  at  all  embarrassed,  not  even  to  the  extent  of  blushing, 
for  what  are  a  few  Ues  more  or  less  ?  But  he'll  never  trouble  the  mysterious  two- 
and-twenty ! 


He  knows  only  too  well  that  the  said  two-and-twenty  never  had  any  existence ! 
He  merely  invetiied  them  to  prejudice  the  jury  against  his  eight  innocent  victims  / 

(II.) 
Another  of  the  State's  Attorney's  declarations,  in  the  course  of  his  opening  ad- 
dress io  the  jury,  was  as  follows  : 

"  The  conspiracy  was  so  large,  the  numbers  so  appalling,  that  it  seems  impossible  to  describe  it !  V 

Many  a  man  with  the  "jim-jams"  has  said  precisely  the  same  thing!  And  with 
just  as  much  show  of  proof  as  Grinnell  has  furnished ! 

Surely,  if  the  conspiracy  was  "  so  large,"  it  could  have  certainly  been  made  vis- 
ible under  a  microscope,  if  not  to  the  naked  eye  ! 

If  the  "numbers  "  were  "so  appalling,"  surely  "at  least  thirty"  could  have  been 
brought  to  book ! 

But  nothing  of  the  sort  has  been  done. 

This  State's  Attorney  did  not  proceed  to  set  forth  a  single  fact  suggestive  or  in- 
dicative of  any  such  "  conspiracy." 

Did  he  say  anything  like  this : 

"  I.  The  conspirators  are  so  many.  2.  These  are  their  names.  3.  They  met  at  Zepfs  Hall,  with  closed  doors,  and 
hatched  out  their  plot.  4.  They  were  all  armed  with  revolvers.  5.  Every  man  of  them  had  dynamite  bombs  under  his 
jacket.  6.  It  was  arranged  that  they  should  call  a  meeting  at  the  Haymarket,  ostensibly  to  protest  against  the  killing  of 
another  workingman  or  two,  but  in  reality  to  provoke  a  charge  of  the  police.  7.  It  was  agreed  that  "  at  least  thirty  men" 
should  throw  their  bombs  as  soon  as  the  police  came  to  a  halt  and  ordered  the  meeting  to  disperse.  8.  The  s.-iid  meeting 
was  accordingly  called.  9.  The  conspirators  were  all  present,  each  man  in  his  assigned  place,  all  armed  and  provided  with 
bombs  as  arranged.  10.  The  police  were  duly  "provoked"  and  made  their  appearance.  11.  The  bombs  were  duly  throvm, 
or  as  many  of  them  as  seemed  necessary.  12.  As  the  result  of  this  encounter,  168  policemen  were  killed,  and  2  seriously 
wounded.  13.  In  the  confusion  that  ensued,  all  of  the  conspirators  save  one  escaped  to  parts  unknown.  14.  You  are 
here,  gentlemen  of  the  jury,  to  make  things  hot  for  the  one  we  have  captured !" 

Now,  this  is  the  sort  of  complexion  a  real  conspiracy  of  bomb-throwers  would 
possess,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  by  comparison  that  Grinnell  has  never  produced  a 
single  fact  which  even  smells  of  conspiracy. 

That  such  is  really  the  case,  in  all  fairness  and  candor,  is  seen  at  a  glance  as 
soon  as  we  aggregate  the  facts  concerning  the  accused  in  their  actual  truth  and 
simplicity. 

Let  us  briefly  specify  a  few  of  them :  • 

1.  As  labor  agitators,  the  acccused  have  more  or  less  points  of  contact  2.  Spies  and  Lingg  had  met  but  twice 
before  they  were  arrested.  3.  Engel  and  Spies  had  not  been  on  speaking  terms  for  a  year.  4.  Fischer  had  even  made 
speeches  against  Spies.  5.  Four  of  the  alleged  conspirators — Schwab,  Neebe,  Engel  and  Lingg — were  not  present  at  the 
Haymarket  meeting  at  all.  6.  Parsons  and  Fischer  were  at  Zepf  s  H.1II  when  the  bomb  e.xploded.  7.  None  of  the 
accused  had  a  bomb.  8.  They  were  not  even  armed.  9.  .There  was  no  concerted  movement  or  action.  10.  Fielden  never 
had  a  revolver  and  never  saw  a  bomb  in  his  life.  11.  The  meeting  was  legal  and  peaceable,  which,  of  course,  excludes  all 
thought  of  violence  and  disorder  on  the  part  of  the  accused  and  the  workingmen  who  had  come  to  hear  them.  12.  Parsons 
was  accompanied  to  the  Haymarket  that  night  by  his  children,  a  little  girl  of  five  and  a  boy  of  seven,  and  by  Mrs.  Parsons  and 
other  ladies— an  act  which,  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  he  was  unarmed,  is  in  itself  enough  to  refute  the 
whole  theory  of  the  prosecution. 

"One  thing  must  be  conceded  to  these  men,"  says  Prof  J.  S.  Loveland  In  New  Thought,  "and  that  is  ordinary 
common  sense.  But,  if  the  theory  of  the  court  is  true,  that  they  had  conspired  to  attack  the  police  on  that  occasion,  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  done,  shows  the  most  stupid  bungling  conceivable.  They  knew  the  strength  of  the  police — they 
had  ample  means  to  have  destroyed  them  all.  They  had,  or  could  have  had  ample  means,  any  number  of  bombs,  and 
men  to  use  them.  But  the  men  were  not  there — the  bombs  were  not  there.  Only  a  single  bomb,  .ind  that  thrown  by  a  man 
who  has  disappeared.  Any  man,  with  the  slightest  knowledge  of  human  nature,  must  see,  at  a  glance,  that  if  these  seven 
men  had  been  in  any  conspiracy  to  destroy  life  on  that  day  they  would  not  have  been  found  in  the  places  and  circumstances 
they  were.  To  be  found  as  they  were  would  have  been  "more  than  a  crime,"  it  would  have  been  "a  blunder."  TriEY 
WERE  TAKEN  Bv  SURPRISE,  as  well  as  Others.  Let  any  candid  person  take  all  the  facts  as  they  appear  on  the  minutes  of 
the  trial,  examine  them  dispassionately  and  he  will  be  compelled  to  the  conclusion  that  the  pretense  of  a  conspiracy  ta 


29 

murder  on  the  part  of  those  men,  and  particularly  in  this  case,  is  the  veriest  moonshine  conceivable.  But  the  entire  sup- 
port of  the  verdict  against  them,  is  this  assumption  of  conspiracy.  Let  the  reader  bear  in  mind,  that  even  if  some  son  of 
a  plan  of  an  indefinite  kind,  r.nd  having  reference  to  some  possible  but  indefinite  time  in  the  future,  could  be  proved,  it 
would  be  at  an  infinite  distance  fro.n  proof  of  participation  in,  and  planning  of,  the  slaughter  of  the  ill-fated  policemen. 
There  must  be  something  to  show  some  direct  connection  between  the  plan  and  t'.ic  act." 

"A  review  of  the  evidence  touching  Parsons'  presence  and  utterances  at  the  Haymarket  meeting,  accompanied  by 
ladies,  proposing  an  adjournment,  and  himself  leaving  the  place,  must  satisfj'  any  rational  mind,  or  one  not  blinded  by  pre- 
judice against  Parsons'  economic  beliefs,  that  he  had  no  idea  of  any  alleged  conspiracy  against  the  police,  or  that  violence 
was  at  all  likely  to  happen." — Dyer  D.  Lum,  Concise  History. 

22.— Capt.  Schaack's  Confessed  Infamy. 

"On  the  22nd  of  August,  1886,  the  day  following  the  verdict  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  trial,"  narrates  Parsons,  in  his  glorious  speech  after  conviction,  "  Capt. 
Michael  Schaack,  who  is  credited  with  manipulating  the  evidence  against  us,  made 
a  statement  which  was  sent  out  by  the  "  Associated  "  Press,  as  follows.  He  was 
asked  if  the  police  were  now  through  with  their  labors. 

A.  Through,  said  he,  why  they  have  barely  commenced.  We  mean  to  have  others,  who  are  liable  to  the  same  charge, 
indicted.  I  tell  you  the  anarchist  business  in  Chicago  is  only  commenced,  and  before  it  is  through  we  will  have  them  all 
in  jail,  hanged,  or  driven  out  of  the  city.   * 

Q.     Did  you  place  any  men  under  arrest  yesterday  ? 

A.     That  I  do  not  wish  to  state. 

Q.     The  report  is  made  that  there  are  warrants  out  for  a  large  number  of  persons. 

A.  If  you  think  a  moment  you  will  see  how  foolish  the  idea  would  be.  We  have  no  room  for  a  large  number  of  per- 
sons in  the  jail,  [!]  and  it  would  be  a  needless  expense  [!!]  to  arrest  many  at  once.  We  can  get  them  as  fast  as  we  want 
them.     We  don't  need  to  arrest  them  now. 

Q.     They  may  try  to  leave  the  city. 

A.     Time  enough  to  arrest  them  when  they  do. 

Q.     Will  any  women  be  arrested? 

A.  Why  not '?  Some  of  them  are  a  mighty  sight  worse  than  the  men.  Do  you  think  that  if  I  had  told  the  news- 
papers what  I  was  doing  when  the  anarchist  trial  was  going  on,  that  the  jury  would  have  brought  in  the  verdict  of  yester- 
day ?  No,  sir,  a  thousand  times,  no.  Every  prisoner  would  h.we  gone  free  !  Every  reporter  who  came  to  me  got  noth- 
ing.      I  WAS  MAKING  UP  THE  EVIDENCE,   PIECE  BY  PIECE,  LITTLE  BY  LITTLE,  PUTTING  IT  WHERE  IT   BELONGED.       If  I  had 

told  all  I  knew  as  fast  as  I  got  the  points,  the  defense  would  have  known  what  evidence  was  to  be  brought  against  them 
and  would  have  been  prepared  to  meet  it  I 

■''  This  is  all  the  chatter  of  a  bullying  brute,  of  course.  No  new  man  has  ever  been  convicted  of  anarchy  in  Chicago, 
or  ever  will  be. 

"  Now,"  demands  Parsons,  "if  this  is  not  a  confession  that  Capt.  Schaack  and 
one  other  man,  an  accompHce,  set  themselves  deliberately  to  work  to  procure  the 
judicial  murder  of  seven  innocent  men,  men  who  they  declare  themselves  to  be  in- 
nocent men,  are  known  by  him  and  his  accompHce  to  be  innocent,  then  what  is  it  ? 
Plainly  it  is  nothing  else.  Schaack's  confession  that  our  evidence  was  such  that  if 
permitted  to  be  introduced  it  would  have  acquitted  us  a  thousand  times  over,  is 
equivalent  to  a  confession  that  it  is  true,  and  that  to  procure  otir  conviction  by  the 
sxippression  of  this  evidence  was  to  procure  the  judicial  murder  of  innocent  men  J'^ 

23.— The  Violation  of  the  Fourth  Amendment  of  the 
Constitution. 

The  prescription  of  our  great  Magna  Charta,  to  which  allusion  is  now  made, 
reads  as  follows : 

"The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers  and  effects  against  unreasonable  searches  and 
seizures  shall  not  be  violated." 

This  supreme  law  of  the  land  has  been  notoriously  violated  in  the  case  now 
under  discussion. 


1.  By  the  forcing  open  of  Spies'  desk  at  the  editorial  rooms  of  the  Arbeiter- 
Zeitung,  and 

2.  By  taking  from  said  desk  a  letter  addressed  to  Spies,  and  a  postal  card  in 
the  handwriting  of  John  Most;  a  letter  and  a  postal  card  which  were  perfectly 
legitimate,  harmless,  and  legal  in  themselves  and  in  their  whole  existence,  intent, 
relations,  and  history,  and 

3.  By  making  use  of  these  harmless  and  legitimate  documents  to  prejudice  the 
case  against  not  only  Spies,  but  also  against  all  the  defendants,  seven  of  whom  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  them,  and  no  possible  connection  or  association  with 
them,  or  responsibility  for  them. 

The  letter  in  question,  as  officially  translated  and  placed  in  evidence,  reads 
as  follows : 

N.  Y.  1884. 

"  Dear  Spies  : — Are  you  sure  that  the  letter  from  the  Hocking  Valley  was  not  written  by  a  detective  ?  In  a  week  I 
will  go  to  Pittsburgh,  and  I  have  an  inclination  to  go  also  to  Hocking  Valley.  For  the  present  I  send  you  some  printed 
matter.  There  Sch.  '  H  '  also  existed  but  on  paper.  I  told  you  this  some  months  ago.  On  the  other  hand  I  am  in  a  con- 
dition to  furnish  '  medicine '  and  the  '  genuine  '  article  at  that.  Directions  for  use  are  probably  not  needed  with  these 
people.  Moreover,  they  were  recently  published  in  the  "Fr."  The  appliances  I  can  also  send.  Now,  if  you  consider 
the  address  of  Buchtell  thoroughly  reliable  I  will  ship  twenty  or  twenty-five  pounds.  But  how  ?  Is  there  an  express 
line  to  the  place,  or  is  there  another  way  possible?  Don't  forget  to  put  yourself  into  communication  with  Drury 
in  reference  to  the  English  organ.  He  will  surely  work  with  you  much  and  well.  Such  a  paper  is  more  necessary  than 
The  Truth.  This,  indeed,  is  getting  more  miserable  and  confused  from  issue  to  issue,  and  in  general  is  whistling  from  the 
last  hole.  Enclosed  is  a  fly-leaf  which  recently  appeared  at  Emdeu  and  is,  perhaps,  adapted  for  reprint.  Greeting  to 
Schwab,  Rau  and  you.     Yours,  Johann  Most. 

"P.  S. — To  Buchtell  I  will,  of  course,  write  only  in  general  terms." 

The  only  point  Grinnell  and  his  fellow-conspirators  have  sought  to  evolve  from 
the  "  inner  consciousness  "  of  this  letter  is  that  the  word  "  medicine  "  is  probably 
another  name  for  "  dynamite,"  But  what  if  such  were  really  the  case  ?  There  is 
nothing  illegal  in  the  possession  of  dynamite.  Every  citizen  of  this  land  has  as 
much  right  to  have  a  ton  of  dynamite  in  his  possession  as  he  has  to  have  a  barrel 
of  flour.  The  status  of  dynamite,  as  a  fact  or  as  a  merchandise,  has  been  so  well 
stated  by  Capt.  Black  in  his  address  to  the  twelve  perjurers  who  pretended  to  try 
this  case  that  we  will  quote  what  he  says : 

"  I  beg  you  to  remember,  in  the  consideration  of  this  case,  that  dynamite  is  not  the  invention  of  Socialists ;  it  is  not 
their  discovery.  Science  has  turned  it  loose  upon  the  world — an  agency  of  destruction,  whether  for  defense  or  offense, 
whether  for  attack  or  to  build  the  bulwarks  round  the  beleaguered  city.  It  has  entered  into  modern  warfare.  We  know 
from  what  has  already  transpired  in  this  case  that  dynamite  is  being  experimented  with  as  a  weapon  of  warfare  by  the 
great  nations  of  the  world.  What  has  been  read  in  your  hearing,  has  given  you  the  results  of  experiments  made  under 
the  direction  of  the  government  of  Austria,  and  while  you  have  sat  in  this  jury  box  considering  the  things  which  have 
been  deposed  before  you,  with  reference  to  reaching  a  final  and  correct  result,  the  government  of  the  United  States  has 
voted  $350,000  for  the  building  of  a  dynamite  cruiser.  It  is  in  the  world  by  no  procurement  of  Socialism,  with  no  neces- 
sary relationship  thereto.  It  is  in  tJie  world  to  stay  /  It  is  manufactured  freely ;  it  is  sold  without  let,  hindrance  or  re- 
striction. You  may  go  from  this  j  ury  box  to  the  leading  powder  companies  of  the  country,  or  their  depots,  and  buy  all 
the  dynamite  that  you  wish  without  question  as  to  your  purpose,  without  interrogation  as  to  your  motive.  It  is  here.  Is 
it  necessarily  a  thing  of  evil  ?  It  has  entered  into  the  great  industries,  and  we  know  its  results.  It  has  cleared  the  path 
of  commerce  where  the  great  North  River  rolls  on  its  way  to  the  sea.  It  is  here  and  there  blasting  out  rocks,  digging  out 
mines,  and  used  for  helpfulness  in  the  great  industries  of  life.  But  there  never  came  an  explosive  into  the  worid,  cheap, 
simple  of  construction,  ea.sy  of  manufacture,  that  it  did  not  enter  also  into  the  world's  combats.  I  beg  you  to  remember 
also,  that  hand  bombs  are  not  things  of  Socialistic  de^slng.  It  may  be  that  one  or  another,  here  and  there,  professing 
Soci.-ilistic  tenets,  has  devised  some  improvements  in  their  construction,  or  has  made  some  advances  with  reference  to  their 
composition ;  they  have  not  invented  them.  The  hand-grenade  has  been  known  in  warfare  long  ere  you  and  I  saw  the 
light.  The  two  things  have  come  together — the  hand-grenade,  charged  no  longer  with  the  powder  of  old  days,  but  charged 
with  the  dynamite  of  modem  science.  It  is  a  union  which  Socialists  are  not  responsible  for.  It  Is  a  union  led  up  by  the 
logic  of  events  and  the  necessities  of  situations,  and  it  is  a  union  that  will  never  be  divorced." 


31 

Not  only  is  the  manufacture,  possession,  sale  and  barter  of  dynamite  perfectly 
legal  and  legitimate,  but,  as  events  are  turning,  I  recommend  to  all  sensible  persons 
to  lay  in  a  goodly  supply.  Since  two  or  three  persons  of  humane  and  progressive 
views  cm  no  longer  get  together  without  the  risk  of  being  clubbed  by  police  bullies, 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  a  pinch  of  dynamite  is  a  much  more  desirable  commodity 
to  carry  around  in  your  vest  pocket,  than  a  pinch  of  snuff.  Let  no  man  use  it  il- 
legally !  Let  no  man  resist  the  law  of  this  land,  anywhere  !  I  take  pleasure  in  put- 
ting myself  "  on  record  "  herewith,  as  a  friend  of  law  and  order.  But,  I  charge  you, 
fellow-citizens,  and  any  of  you,  or  all  of  you,  if  you  find  yourself  assailed  by  a  mur- 
derous outlaw  of  any  kind  or  name,  or  under  any  sort  of  pretext,  to  resist  the  iaid 
attack,  as  promptly  and  effectively  as  possible.  To  do  so  is  your  legal  right  as  has 
already  been  shown  in  these  pages  by  quotations  from  M.  Salomon  and  other  emi- 
nent authorities.  To  judge  by  the  wholly  illegal  and  unwarrantable  aggressions  of 
the  police  at  the  Haymarket,  Union  Hill  and  Union  Square,  it  is  high  time  for  the 
people  of  this  land  to  realize  that  they  are  entitled  to  resist  all  illegal  assaults  by  any 
means  in  their  power.  If  Gary  and  his  aids  see  aught  in  this  advice  to  "kick 
against,"  they  can  send  me  their  views  by  mail  or  telegraph  at  their  earliest  conven- 
ience, and  I  will  incorporate  the  same  in  the  next  edition  of  this  work. 

The  postal  card  referred  to  reads  as  follows : 

"D.  S.  (presumably,  Dear  Spies) : — I  had  scarcely  mailed  my  letter  yesterday  when  the  telegraph  brought  news  from 
H.  M.  One  does  not  know  whether  to  rejoice  over  that  or  not.  The  advance  is  in  itself  elevating.  Sad  is  the  circumstance 
that  it  will  remain  local,  and  therefore  might  not  have  a  result.  At  any  rate,  these  people  make  a  better  impression  than 
the  foolish  voters  on  this  and  the  other  side  of  the  ocean.     Greetings  and  a  shake.     Yours,  J.  M." 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  these  communications  have  no  relation  whatever  to  the 
eight  condemned  anarchists.  They  are  even  without  point  or  consequence.  No 
one  can  undertake  to  say  just  what  they  refer  to,  or  what  they  are  designed  to  com- 
municate. Their  admission  into  the  case  was  manifestly  improper,  and  the 
"ruling"  which  admitted  them  was,  of  course,  another  illustration  of  "Judge" 
Gary's  willingness  to  resort  to  any  possible  illegality  to  accomplish  the  murder  of 
his  victims. 

24.— The  "^rhole  Prosecution  is  an  Imposture,  Fraud, 
and  Pretense. 

The  accused  were  indicted  for  the  murder  of  a  certain  policeman,  in  whose 
death  they  had  no  proved  agency.  But  they  were  not  tried  under  the  indictment, 
nor  convicted  under  it,  nor  could  they  have  possibly  been  legally  convicted  of  the 
crime  with  which  they  stand  charged. 

To  begin  with,  as  I  have  already  shown,  the  killing  of  Degan  was  not  murder 
under  the  statute,  so  far  as  the  circumstances  of  the  killing  are  known  or  probable. 

There  are  two  theories  in  this  matter,  and  I  propose  to  briefly  state  the  facts 
they  both  cover. 

The  first  of  these  theories  is  that  the  bomb  was  thrown  by  some  workingman  or 
other  citizen  "in  the  peace  of  the  people" — to  quote  the  statute. 

If  such  is  the  case,  the  bomb-thrower  was  acting  in  legitimate  self-defence,  and 
was  guilty  of  no  crime  whatever. 


32 

The  second  theory  is  that  the  bomb-throwing  is  the  result  of  some  plot,  mistake, 
or  accident,  on  the  part  o*f  some  Pinkerton  or  other  hired  assassin. 

All  I  need  insist  upon  here  is  that  the  prisoners  have  had  no  connection  with 
the  bomb-throwing,  and  are  in  no  wise  responsible  for  it.  The  fact  is  as  palpable 
as  any  fact  can  be,  and  the  indictment  is  accordingly  a  fraud,  an  illegality,  and  an 
arrant  imposture,  on  its  very  face. 

The  fact  that  the  accused  were  convicted  as  anarchists,  and  not  as  murderers, 
is  apparent  upon  every  square  inch  of  the  procedure. 

This  fact  has  been  avowed  by  Grinnell  and  his  aids,  and  by  many  scores  of 
their  aiders  and  abettors. 

,  No  one  can  doubt,  therefore,  that  the  Judicature  of  Illinois  has  been  wantonly 
■^prostituted  by  these  perjurers  to  the  extent  of  accusing  innocent  men  of  murder, 
and  then  convicting  them  of  being  anarchists.  This  is  the  whole  truth  of  the 
matter. 

"  But  there  was  another  line  of  testimony  received  over  our  objection,  embracing  a  vast  amount  of  matter  that  we 
■claim  was  improperly  admitted.  There  was  evidence  admitted  of  things  that  were  not  shown  by  the  testimony  in  any  way 
to  be  in  pursuance  of  the  alleged  conspiracy,  or  to  constitute  part  of  the  res  gestae.  Let  me  single  out  now  one  illustra. 
tion  which  the  gentlemen  have  conveniently  omitted  to  remember.  Let  me  tell  you  in  sober  earnest  what  occurred  upon 
this  trial  toward  the  close  of  it.  Some  witnesses  were  called,  and  there  were  put  upon  the  table  in  front  of  the  jury  three 
or  four  tin  cans,  that  would  hold,  perhaps,  a  pint  and  a  half  apiece,  fitted  with  a  screw  top,  apparently.  As  preliminary 
to  doing  anything  more  with  these  cans  than  the  parading  of  them  around,  so  the  jury  could  get  a  look  at  them,  and  think 
there  was  something  mysterious  and  strange  about  them,  there  was  testimony  introduced  that  those  tin  cans  were  found 
under  a  sidewalk,  out  in  a  portion  of  the  city  about  a  mile  away  from  where  any  of  these  defendants  lived ;  more  than  a 
mile  away  from  any  of  their  usual  meeting  places  ;  and  not  shown  to  have  been  within  a  mile  of  where  any  of  these  al- 
leged conspirators,  nor  even  any  members  of  the  International,  ever  resided  or  were  even  seen ;  found  under  a  sidewalk, 
four  of  these  cans.  When  ?  A  month  after  the  Haymarket  meeting  !  Think  of  it !  They  proposed  to  offer  the  cans. 
We  objected.  We  said  to  the  court,  there  is  nothing  connecting  those  cans  with  any  of  these  defendants,  nor  even  show- 
ing any  connection  of  those  things  with  anybody  that  was  ever  connected  with  the  defendants.  Now,  upon  what  ground 
do  you  suppose  the  court  let  those  in  ?  Upon  the  ground  that  something  of  that  sort  was  described  in  Most's  book  !  A 
book  that  the  prosecution  had  been  in  possession  of  for  at  least  a  month ;  a  book  which  they  had  gone  to  the  labor  of 
translating  into  English  for  the  first  time  in  its  history ;  a  book  whose  teachings  the  state  has  done  more  to  disseminate 
than  was  ever  done  before  !  An  infamous  book !  We  admit  it.  But  merely  because  Johann  Most  described  a  can,  was 
such  a  can  admissible  in  evidence  against  these  men,  on  trial  for  their  lives,  without  any  testimony  showing  that  they  ever 
saw  such  a  can,  that  they  ever  read  such  a  description,  that  they  ever  touched  such  a  can,  or  had  anything  to  do  with  it? 
"What  was  this  can,  or  what  was  its  materiality?  It  was  what  may  be  called  an  inflammable  bomb,  put  in  English. 
This  screw  top  was  provided  with  a  litde  vial.  The  can  was  filled  with  benzine,  or  some  other  inflammable  substance. 
The  vial  was  filled  with  powder.  The  vial  was  stopped  with  a  sponge,  the  sponge  saturated  with  kerosene.  The  theory 
was,  that  one  of  those  cans  could  be  set  down  in  a  place,  the  sponge  lighted,  and  the  fellow  who  lighted  it  quietly  get 
away  some  little  distance,  by  which  time  it  would  burn  to  the  powder,  the  powder  would  explode  and  burst  the  vial,  and 
the  benzine  would  ignite  and  set  the  building  on  fire.  Here  was  that  most  vulgar  of  all  appeals,  an  appeal  to  the  property 
prejudices  and  passions  of  the  jury-,  against  men  who  were  not,  by  the  evidence,  connected  direcriy  or  remotely,  in  any 
manner,  with  such  a  structure — simply  because  Johann  Most  described  it !  Non  constat,  but  that  these  cans  were  manu- 
fectured,  and  put  where  they  were  found,  by  detectives,  after  the  4th  of  May.  There  was  time  enough  intervening.  It 
■would  not  take  very  long  to  malce  those  four  tin  cans.  You  or  I  could  go  to  a  tinshop  and  have  it  done  inside  of  twenty- 
our  hours.  Those  cans  found  under  that  sidewalk,  not  traced  in  any  way  to  the  defendants,  or  any  of  them,  a  month 
after  the  Haymarket;  no  pretense  whatever  that  they  had  ever  engaged  in  any  such  manufacture;  were  allowed  to  be 
offered  in  evidence  agaitist  these  defendants  and  all  of  them  in  support  of  the  THEORY  that  there  was  a  plan  here  to 
burn  the  city  ! !  Now,  if  there  was  a  plan  to  bum  the  city,  was  that  competent  to  be  proved  in  support  of  the  claim  that 
there  was  a  plan  also  to  kill  Deegan  ?  If  the  introduction  of  these  cans  had  any  effect  or  tendency,  it  was  to  prove  a  con- 
spiracy to  bum,  not  necessarily  to  murder.  They  were  therefore  irrelevant,  independently  of  the  fact  that  they  were  not 
found  in  the  defendants'  possession,  without  some  other  evidence  than  this  record  discloses:  but  when  the  proof  showed 
simply  that  they  were  found  under  a  sidewalk  a  month  afterward,  and  a  mile  away  from  the  residence  of  dny  of  the  de- 
fendants, I  venture  the  assertion  that  there  7icver  before  in  the  history  of  civilization  was  such  a  mockery  of  justice,  as 
was  involved  in  the  admission  of  those  tin  cans  before  that  jury,  in  a  case  where  the  lives  of  seven  men  were  at  stake." — 
Capt.  W.  P.  Black,  A  rgument  before  t/ie  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois. 


EXTRA  CT  FR  03I  THE  CATALOG  UE, 


903. 

THE  COMING  DI880I-UTI0N  OF  THE  NATIONS. 

Why  they  are  going  tlie  way  of  ancient  Egypt,  Assyria  and  Rome.     25  representa- 
tive Portraits  of  the  current  '•  Man"  taken  from  real  life.    Cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.00. 
A  superficial  survey  of  human  affairs  would  seem  to  suggest  that  we  are  civilized,  and  that  our 
civilization  is  progressive.     But  on  looking  further  we  find  ourselves  confronted  by  a  bottom'- ■    • 
abyss.     To  possess  any  real  claim  to  civilization,  men  must  be  humane,  reasonable,  and  eye'v.';  .,-< 
lightened.     Their  "government" — if  they  are  still  so  childish  as  to  need  one — must  J^jgi,'^"i    .. ' 
tion  and  exponent  of   natural  equity.     They  niust  occupy  themselves  with  the  rc;'\'^^  '\ 
existence.     They  must  be  in  harmony  with  Nature.     The  basis  of  their  belief  must  b«'i   ,1  ■ 
and  truth.     Their  business  relations  must  be  predicated  upon  absolute  justice  and" 
None  of  these  conditions  are  realized  upon  our  globe,  nor  are  Ihey  likely  to  be  realiz^iv 
The  current  generation,  like  its  predecessors,  in  all  ages,  will  doubtless  fail,  as  a  whole,  to  iU^,,>!^4. 
and  secure  the  great  natural  and  essential  basis  of  progress  and  development.      There  is  scan-e^ 
sign  of  real  ihilizatioii  in  anything  toe  see  around  lis.    Man  himself  is  deteriorating,  as  is  abundantTy. 
proven  in  this  volume.     TJie  result  to  which  all  nations  are  rapidly  tending  is  dissolution,  decline 
and  extinction.     In  a  word,  they  are  going  the  way  of  all  former  empires,  states  and  kingdoms,  and 
for  precisely  the  same  reason,  namely,  the  failure  of  man  to  place  himself  in  harmony  with  Nature, 
or  with  the  real  laws  of  human  progress  and  development. 


THE  EARTH  AS  THE  KEY  OF  THE  UNIVERSE. 

AN  EXPOSITION  OF  THE    RELATIONS    OF  THE    LOCAL    AND 
TRANSIENT  TO    THE   UNIVERSAL  AND  ETERNAL. 

By  LEON  and  HARRIET  LEWIS. 

80  Illustrations.    8vo.  Cloth,  gilt  top,  $2.00.    Sheep,  $2.50.    Half  Calf,  $3.50. 

COMPRISING : 

44.8.     The  Earth   not  the  first    Wot-Ul.     Showing  that  Planets  like  our  Globe  have  always 
existed.     8  Illustrations.     Paper  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

449.  The  Eaith  not  the  last  World.     Showing  that  Worlds  like  Ours  will  alway  exist.     6 

Illustrations.     Paper  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

450.  The  Earth  not  the  most  important  World.     Comparing  our  Globe  with  some  ot 

its  sister  Planets.     10  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

451.  The  Eai^h  not  the  only  inhabited  World.     Showing  that  the  Purpose  of  every 

World  is  to  possess  Inhabitants.     6  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

452.  The  Earth^s  Place  in  the  Solar  System.    34  Illustrations.    Paper,  $0.60.    Cloth. 

gilt  top,  $1.00.  ^^, 

453.  The  Earth^s  Solidarity  tvith  the  Universe.    The  Earth  a  Link  in  the  universal  and 

eternal  Chain  of  Facts,  Events,  and  Manifestations  which  constitute  the  Universe,  or  a 
Feature  in  a  ScC[uence  of  Evolutions  dating  from  all  Eternity  into  all  Eternity.  7  Illus- 
trations.    Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

454.  The  Facts  and  Trtiths  of  the  Earth  the  Facts  and  Truths  of  all  other 

Planets.  Showing  that  the  Features  and  Characteristics  of  our  Globe,  including  its 
natural  Developments  and  historical  Occurrences,  are  of  the  same  general  Type  as  the 
Features  and  Characteristics  of  all  other  Worlds.  8  Illustrations.  Paper,  $0.30.  Cloth, 
gilt  top,  $0.50. 

S3^  Any  part  sold  separately. 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  CATALOGUE, 


1761. 


THE  HOME  OF  SOULS. 


90  Illustration 


Tlie  G> 


S\i).  Cloth,  gilt  top,  $2.50.     Sheep,  $3.00.      Half  calf,  $4.00. 

COMPRISING: 
is  of  the  Sonl,     When,  where,  why,  and  how  does  the  Soul  come  into  Ex- 
■"'     S  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
d  Revelations,     What  has  been  seen  and  said  at  the  moment  preceding  the 
departure.     6  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
Nature  of  the  Change  we  call  Death.    12  Illustrations.    Paper,  $0.30. 
^ilt  top,  $0.50. 

nutes  after  JDeath.     i.    Where  we  shall  be.     2.    What  we  shall  be.    7  lllus- 
.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 
..      if  Aivakeninff,     The  new  Genesis  of  the  Soul  in  the  Light  of  Eternity.     10 
;  ions.     Paper,  $0.30.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $0.50. 

•    ■      S  tJie  Spirit- Jf'orld?     Its  Materials  and  Aspects,  its  Laws  and  Forces,  its 
.  and  Duration."    24  Illustrations.     Paper,  $0.60.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.00. 
u^ife  of  S2)irits.     Their  Occupations  and  Enjoyments,  Family  Relations,  etc.,  in- 
admg  the  Relations  of  the  Higher  Life  to  this  present  Existence.     21  Illv.strations. 
Paper,  $0.60.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.00. 

E^^  Any  pa?-/  sold  separately. 


1776. 


A  FUTURE  LIFE  NO  PROOF  OF  IMMORTALITY. 


A  Recognition  of  the  natural  Limitations  and  inevitable  Conditions  of  all  sentient 
Existence,  including  the  Life  to  come.    21  Illustrations.  Cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.00. 

Very  few  persons  can  even  be  said  to  really  live  while  on  this  Earth.  They  live  only  as  moles 
and  maggots  do,  wholly  outside  of  the  divine  life  of  the  Infinite  Spirit.  Any  one  giving  this 
fact  due  attention  will  not  be  surprised  to  hear  that  the  "  Summer  Land"  dreams  and  vagaries  of 
our  times  can  not  and  do  not  offer  the  least  guarantee — no  more  than  does  the,  chatter  of  popular 
creeds — that  we  shall  live  forever.  In  the  Higher  Life,  as  here,  we  shall  find  ourselves  subject  to 
eternal  and  imvarying  laws,  to  irrevocable  and  changeless  conditions,  to  a  very  "  bond  of  fate !  " 
There,  as  here,  we  must  either  advance  or  retrograde,  and  there,  as  here,  to  retrograde  is  to  decline 
and  perish.  In  the  other  world,  as  here,  it  is  possible  for  the  soul  to  deteriorate  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  lose  all  consciousness  of  itself  in  a  rayless  and  voiceless  night!  Only  tJiosc  are  immortal 70/10 
knaio  koto  to  command  the  conditions  necessary  to  make  themselves  immortal  /  There  can  be  no  such 
thing  as  living  forever  unless  life  is  presented  under  such  natural  conditions  and  circumstances  as  to 
be  LIVEABLE  forever.  In  fact,  who  would  even  desire  immortality  upon  such  a  vague,  empty,  and 
ignoble  foundation  as  is  usually  suggested  or  propounded?  Who,  in  the  midst  of  life's  awful  an- 
guish, bitterness,  and  desolation,  a  prey  of  unrest,  overwork,  or  insomnia,  staggering  beneath  bur- 
"^^(ieiis  too  grevious  to  be  borne,  with  brain  reeling  and  heart  wildly  throbbing — who  has  not  felt  at 
times  that  they  would  gladly  lie  down  in  a  sleep  from  which  there  could  be  no  awakening  ?  There 
is  something  in  this  weariness  to  heed — a  hint  of  wearinesses  which  even  the  "-Summer  Land"  is 
powerless  to  conjure;  a  grim  suggestion  of  possibilities  which  no  tongue  can  utter.  It  is  absolutely 
essential,  therefore,  to  escape  alike  from  the  dreams  of  sentimentalists  and  the  chatter  of  theolo- 
gians, and  place  our  feet  upon  the  only  path  which  leads  to  immortality.  Let  all  who  talk  of  an- 
other life  henceforward  do  one  of  two  things.  Either  let  them  avow  themselves  mere  figureheads 
of  the  gateway  to  some  Bedlam,  or  else  let  them  be  active  and  earnest  in  an  endeavor  to  put  this 
life  and  the  next  upon  a  tlioroughly  progressive  and  liveable  basis.  To  assist  all  persons  in  making 
a  right  use  of  both  lives,  dismissing  all  idle  fancies  and  vague  dreams  respecting  them,  is  the 
weighty  purpose  of  this  volume. 


S<y 


